Shurley Grammar Unit 4

1. Shurley GrammarUnit 4

2. Lesson 100 Predicate Noun Jingle 1. A predicate noun is a noun or pronoun. 2. A predicate noun means the same thing as the subject word. 3. A predicate noun is located after a linking verb. 4. To find the predicate noun as WHAT or WHO after the verb.

3. Lesson 100 Earlier you learned that nouns can have different jobs or functions in a sentence. You have studied four of these jobs already: • A noun can be a subject. • A noun can be an object of a preposition. • A noun can be an indirect object. • A noun can be a direct object.

4. Lesson 100 • Name the 4 jobs of nouns we have learned so far. • subject noun (SN), object of the preposition (OP), indirect object (IO), direct object (DO)

5. Lesson 100 • Pattern 4 has only two nouns in the basic sentence pattern: N LV N • The first noun is the subject noun (SN). • The second noun is called a predicate noun and is abbreviated as PrN. • Notice that the verb in this pattern is a different type—the linking verb.

6. Lesson 100 • How do we abbreviate predicate noun? • PrN • What kind of verb is used in Pattern 4? • linking verb

7. Lesson 100 • The fourth pattern in the Shurley Method is subject noun / linking verb / predicate noun / Pattern 4. • It is written SN LV PrN P4.

8. Lesson 100 • What is the fourth pattern? • subject noun / linking verb / predicate noun / Pattern 4

9. Lesson 100 5 things to know about a predicate noun • A predicate noun is a noun or pronoun after the verb that means the same thing as the subject. • A predicate noun is labeled as PrN. • To find the predicate noun, ask WHAT or WHO after the verb. • A predicate noun is often called a predicate nominative. • A predicate noun is always after a linking verb.

10. Lesson 100 • A predicate noun is always what part of speech? • a noun or a pronoun • A predicate noun always comes after what type of verb? • linking verb

11. Lesson 100 The rhinoceros is an animal.

12. Lesson 100 The rhinoceros is a large, thick-skinned animal in Africa and Asia.

13. Lesson 100 My sister is a very agreeable person.

14. Lesson 100 During the weekends my mother is an elevator operator at an expensive hotel.

15. Lesson 100 Squirrels and chipmunks are industrious animals.

16. Lesson 101 In this lesson you will learn • how to identify regular and irregular verbs, • how to identify the simple verb tenses, • and how to identify tenses of helping verbs.

17. Lesson 101 • Most verbs are regular verbs. • Regular verbs form past tense merely by adding –ed, -d, or –t to the main verb. • Example: race, raced • Verbs that do not form past tense in this regular way are called irregular verbs. • Most irregular verbs form the past tense by having a vowel spelling change in the word. • Examples: sing, sang, sung or eat, ate, eaten

18. Lesson 101 • Regular verbs are made past tense by adding...? • -ed, -d, -t • Irregular verbs usually require this kind of change. • vowel spelling change

19. Lesson 101 Identify each verb as regular or irregular and then determine the past tense of the verb. dance regular, danced grow irregular, grew shoot irregular, shot try regular, tried

20. Lesson 101 Identify each verb as regular or irregular and then determine the past tense of the verb. drive irregular, drove build regular, built

21. Lesson 101 • When you are writing paragraphs, you must use verbs that are in the same tense. • Tense means time. • The tense of a verb shows the time of the action. • There are three basic tenses that show when the action take place: 1. present tense 2. past tense 3. future tense

22. Lesson 101 • The simple present tense shows that something is happening now, in the present. • The present tense form usually has no ending unless it ends in –s or –es. • Regular present tense form: race, races • Irregular present tense form: fall, falls • Example: The cars race toward the finish line. • Example: The snow falls silently.

23. Lesson 101 • The simple past tense shows that something has happened sometime in the past. • The regular past tense form ends in –ed, -d, or –t. Most irregular past tense forms should be memorized. • Regular past tense form: raced • Irregular past tense form: fell • Example: The cars raced toward the finish line. • Example: The snow fell silently.

24. Lesson 101 • The future tense shows that something will happen sometime in the future. • The future tense always has the helping verbs will or shall before the main verb. • Regular tense form: will race • Irregular tense form: will fall • Example: The cars will race toward the finish line. • Example: The snow will fall silently.

25. Lesson 101 • This tense references something happening now. • simple present tense • This tense shows something that happened before now. • simple past tense • This tense requires a helping verb. • future tense

26. Lesson 101 Identifying Simple Present Tense Look for: one verb with s, es, or plain ending Example: He walks to the car. Example: They drive the car.

27. Lesson 101 Identifying Simple Past Tense Look for: one verb with –ed, -d, -t or irregular spelling change Example: He walked to the car. Example: They drove the car.

28. Lesson 101 Identifying Future Tense Look for: will or shall with a main verb. Example: He will walk to the car. Example: They will drive the car.

29. Lesson 101 Identify the verb tense as present, past, or future. 1. My sister swims every weekend. present tense 2. We had laughed at his funny jokes. past tense 3. Were you painting the house? past tense 4. I will be leaving soon. future tense

30. Lesson 101 • In a sentence with a helping verb and a main verb, the tense of both verbs will be determined by the helping verb (not the main verb). • Present tense helping verbs: am, is, are, has, have, does, do • Past tense helping verbs: was, were, had, did, been • Future tense helping verbs: will, shall

31. Lesson 101 Determine the tense of the helping verb. am present tense are present tense had past tense shall future tense does present tense did past tense

32. Lesson 101 • Sometimes a present tense helping verb will be paired with a regular verb that has an –ed ending; the verb tense is still present since the helping verb determines the verb tense. • Example: I have walked to school. present tense • Example: She has cried every day. present tense

33. Lesson 101 Practice Sentence A Adj SN LV PrN P A Adj OP.

34. Lesson 103 Copper is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity.

35. Lesson 103 Stacey’s husband was a hysterical man at the press conference.

36. Lesson 103 His command was a ridiculous joke.

37. Lesson 103 The general from the military base is a generous and kind man.

38. Lesson 103 Wheat, gold, and clothes are commodities.

39. Lesson 103 • Every main verb has four principal parts. • These parts are: • present • present participle • past • past participle • These parts are the same for regular and irregular verbs.

40. Lesson 103 • Present participle part has a present tense main verb and no helping verb. • Examples: He walks home. He grows fast. They grow fast. • Past participle part has a past tense main verb and no helping verb. • Examples: He walked home. He grew fast.

41. Lesson 103 • Past participle principal part has a past tense main verb and a present or past tense helping verb. • Examples: He has walked home. He has grown fast. • Present participle principal part has a main verb ending in –ing and a present or past tense helping verb. • Examples: He is walking home. He is growing fast.

42. Lesson 105 The weasel is a deadly enemy of small animals in the forest.

43. Lesson 105 A periodical is a magazine in the magazine section of the library.

44. Lesson 105 A desert is an arid region.

45. Lesson 105 The earth’s largest land areas are continents.

46. Lesson 105 A revolver is a pistol with a supply of bullets in a revolving cylinder.

47. Lesson 107 • Why do we study verb tenses? • It is very important to study verb tenses, because you will use it in your writing. • Verb tenses in sentences tell the reader the time period an event takes place. • Mixing verb tenses, a common mistake, can make your writing awkward and confusing to your reader.

48. Lesson 107 • Example of mixed verb tenses: • The door opened, and my sister comes into the kitchen and grinned. • In this sentence, opened and grinned are past tense and comes is present tense. • The shift from past to present to past leaves your reader wondering about the time these actions take place.

49. Lesson 107 • Bessie kicks over the milk pail every morning. The warm, white milk spills upon the ground. Mama talks angrily to Bessie. Bessie rolls her eyes at Mama. Mama stands up, and she calls for Papa. Papa gets Bessie. Then he sits down and milks her without any trouble. Bessie just grins at Mama. • Identify all the verbs.

50. Lesson 107 • Bessie kicks over the milk pail every morning. The warm, white milk spills upon the ground. Mama talks angrily to Bessie. Bessie rolls her eyes at Mama. Mama stands up, and she calls for Papa. Papa gets Bessie. Then he sits down and milks her without any trouble. Bessie just grins at Mama. • Looking at the verbs, what is the tense of this paragraph? • present tense