Grammar Unit

1. Grammar Unit Parts of Speech

2. Parts of Speech • Noun – A word used to name a person, place, thing or idea. Proper noun – names a particular noun (and is capitalized) Common noun – general noun Examples: Coe-Brown school Mrs. Mennelle teacher

3. Compound Nouns – two or more nouns used together as one noun May be hyphenated, two separate words, combined as one word Examples: volleyball, news room, sister-in-law, prizefighter www.englishgrammar101.com Lesson 1-15

4. Pronouns – words used in place of a noun(s) Personal Pronouns

5. Other Common Pronouns • myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves • who, whom, whose, which, that • this, that, these, those

6. Indefinite Pronouns- don’t refer to a definite person or thing

7. Exercise 5: Identifying Pronouns: Write the 25 pronouns in order. Do you remember how you found out there was no Santa Claus? My memory of the scene is as clear as if it happened yesterday. Our holiday tradition included a visit from Santa himself, who joined the family in the living room shortly after midnight. My sisters and I were always cautioned not to leave the living room or even peek out to get an advance view. Santa would be displeased if he met any of us in the hall or in another of the rooms in the apartment. On the night of my discovery, I risked a little snooping. As I stole back to my sisters in the living room, whom did I see in the kitchen but Uncle Jim, adjusting a Santa beard. No one seemed to notice me. A little while later, Santa rushed into the living room, where everyone waited expectantly. Santa greeted each by name, distributed gifts to all, and gave me a knowing wink and a big hug.

8. Adjective – modifies (or describes) a noun or pronoun • Tells: • (Words that are pronouns may also be adjective!) Ex: My sister, her sweater • (Nouns may be used as adjectives as well!) Ex: snow sculpture • Articles: a, an, the

9. Review Exercise A. Write the italicized word in the sentence and identify as noun, pronoun or adjective. 1. Most high-school students read at least one play by William Shakespeare. 2. Shakespeare, the most famous playwright of all time, was born in Stratford-on-Avon in 1564. 3. He was baptized in the small church at Stratford shortly after his birth. 4. He was buried in the same church. 5. On the stone above his grave, you can find an inscription placing a curse on anyone who moves his bones. 6. Out of respect for his wish or because of fear of his curse, nobody has disturbed the grave. 7. This explains why his body was never moved to Westminster Abbey, where many other English writers are buried. 8. Besides seeing the church, the visitor in Stratford can see the house in which Shakespeare was born. 9. At one time visitors would also see the large house that Shakespeare bought for himself and his family. 10. When he retired from the theater he lived there, and there he also died.

10. Verb – word that expresses action or otherwise helps make a statement • Action verbs: Express action Examples: Transitive verbs: action it expresses is directed toward something in the sentence Ex: She rang the bell Intransitive verbs: express action without reference to an object Ex: The boys joked.

11. Linking Verbs: help make a statement by serving as a link between two words Commonly used linking verbs: be shall be should be being will be would be am has been can be is have been could be are had been should have been was shall have been would have been were will have been could have been Other common linking verbs: appear, grow, seem, stay, become, look, smell, taste, feel, remain, sound, turn

12. Verb phrases – a main verb preceded by one or more helping verbs Helping verbs: all forms of be and: has, can, might, have, may, must, had, should, do, shall, would, did, will, could, does Ex: You could have waited for me.

13. Adverb – word used to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb Adverbs modify verbs by telling: She really wanted to go to the play.

14. Adverbs modify Adjectives: • She did an exceptionally fine job. • The car had a slightly damaged fender. • Adverbs modify other Adverbs: • John was almost never late. • We’ll meet shortly afterward.

15. Exercise 19: Find and write the 10 adverbs that modify other adverbs. 1. The cat leaped to the windowsill quite agilely. 2. The books were stacked rather haphazardly. 3. Corrie knew she’d have to get up incredibly early to witness the eclipse. 4. The tornado almost completely destroyed the barn. 5. The famous diamond was more heavily guarded than any other exhibit at the museum. 6. My brother is almost always finished with his paper route before I am. 7. She registered too late to be eligible for the first sweepstakes drawing. 8. In the final four minutes of the fame Isiah Thomas shot extremely accurately. 9. Usually it seems that each month goes more rapidly than the month before. 10. They walked out on stage most calmly, as if they felt completely relaxed.

16. Exercise 20: Write the adverbs in the sentence. Be sure to know the word modified. 1. Tourists in England usually visit the Tower of London. 2. The Tower, which as first built by William the Conqueror, is one of the most famous landmarks in London. 3. The Tower formerly served as a fortress, and troops are still stationed in it today. 4. A special ceremony called the Ceremony of Keys is performed nightly. 5. The three gates of the Tower are securely locked by the Chief Warder, and an escort is especially assigned for the ceremony. 6. The Chief Warder and the escort promptly report to the front of the Tower. 7. The sentry on duty immediately challenges them: “Halt! Who comes there?” 8. The Chief Warder quickly responds, “The Keys.” 9. The sentry then asks, “Whose keys?” and the Warder responds distinctly, “Queen Elizabeth’s keys.” 10. The Chief Warder then calls solemnly, “ God preserve Queen Elizabeth.”

17. 11. And all the guards respond together, “Amen.” 12. Finally, the Chief Warder carries the keys to the Queen’s House, and they remain there for the night. 13. The Ceremony of the Keys is not the only pageantry associated with the Tower. 14. Royal salutes are often fired from the Tower in recognition of particularly important occasions. 15. At the coronation of a king or queen, a sixty-two-gun salute is traditionally fired. 16. A royal birth is appropriately proclaimed by a forty-one-gun salute. 17. The oldest residents of the Tower of London are ravens; they have probably always been at the Tower. 18. Legend claims that the Tower will fall if the ravens ever leave. 19. Ravens are always there at the Tower because guards have clipped their wings. 20. The ravens are not unhappy; their needs are well supplied by the weekly rations that they receive.

18. Review Exercise B: List the italicized words and identify as: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb. 1. I never used to consider early morning good for anything but sleeping. 2. Recently, though, I have been on a much earlier schedule than usual. 3. The biggest difference between early morning and midday lies in the sounds one hears. 4. As there are fewer sounds than during the busier times of the day, each sound stands out. 5. If everyone else in my family is asleep, I hear even the quiet ticking of my clock. 6. Every car that drives past can be heard. 7. The drivers in a hurry whiz by, while the more relaxed drivers roll calmly past. 8. The animals also add to the symphony of morning sounds. 9. I may hear a dog bark, with several others answering in their own tones. 10. If I then hear a bird singing or calling to others, I know that my early-morning concert is complete.

19. Preposition – word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence • What common prepositions fit into this picture?

20. Other often-used prepositions: aboard, after, against, along, among, at, before, but (meaning except), by, concerning, during, except, for, from, like, of, past, since, till, to, toward, until, with, without

21. Conjunction – joins words or groups of words and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so both…and not only…but also neither…nor whether…or either…or

22. Interjection – exclamatory word that expresses emotion; no grammatical relation to rest of sentence Examples:

23. Exercise 24: Label each italicized word as correct part of speech. 1. Did the pond ice over? 17. We could dive here. 2. An ice storm struck 18. The plane was a dive bomber. 3. Ice covered the walk. 19. You can drive. 4. The light flashed on. 20. The drive is blocked. 5. We rode on the roller coaster. 6. The car took off. 7. Stay off the bridge. 8. Well, we will see. 9. The well is dry. 10. This is my house. 11. This dog behaves. 12. We are all here but Jo. 13. I slipped, but I didn’t fall. 14. The rain poured down. 15. The rain spout is broken. 16. Her dive was perfect.

24. Posttest 1: Write the part of speech after each italicized word. For (1) me, no other form (2) of entertainment can match the (3) excitement of a live (4) show. I (5) know that when the (6) houselights go (7) out, (8) everyone in the theater is (9) on the brink of a (10) new experience. The different (11) kinds of people in the audience, the moods of the players or musicians, (12) and many other elements (13) shape(14) each performance (15) differently. (16) “Wow!” I (17) think, (18) “tonight I’m part of (19) something as it actually happens!” My sister (20) disagrees (21) with me (22) completely. She (23) enjoys the informality of the movie theater. She (24) also likes to know that (25) no major problems will develop in a show she is watching.

25. Posttest 2: Label the part of speech for each italicized word. The (1) first pioneers of the Great Plains (2) encountered many kinds (3) of dangerous animals. (4) Huge herds of bison (5) then roamed this area. (6) These were dangerous beasts – large, ill-tempered, and (7) utterly unpredictable. Grizzly bears were (8) also a menace to (9) early explorers. The (10) most ferocious beast of the plains (11) was a female (12) grizzly protecting her cubs. But, (13) oddly, (14) neither the bison nor the grizzly was the most feared animal (15) on the frontier. (16) None of the creatures, including the fearsome (17) rattlesnake, were dreaded so much as the skunk. (18) Oh, you may say, that is (19) ridiculous. (20) Yet it is true. Skunks were not alarming because they (21) smelled bad, but because they (22) so often carried (23) rabies. Since there was no cure for rabies in (24) those days, the bite of a rabid skunk was certain to be fatal. The small black and white creatures were carriers of (25) doom and struck terror in the stoutest hearts.

26. What’s the Word? • Do you have any small flipa? • Please flipa your behavior. • The girl is upstairs flipaing. • Here is your flipa.