Exploration and Expansion: Europe's New World Encounters
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Chapter 14 Europe and the New World: New Encounters, 1500 - 1800
On the Brink of a New World • Motives and Means • Catholic Europe had been largely confined to the continent (exception of the Crusades, which failed) • The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century)-Fantastic lands of legend and myth • Access to the East • The Polos-Popularized China in Europe through descriptions of Kublai Khan and Mongol courts • Economic Motives-Primary motive for European exploration • Religious Zeal-Particularly strong motivation for Portugal and Spain • Centralized Monarchies • Ptolemy’s Geography (1477) • Development of seaworthy ships and new navigational techniques • Old techniques, such as using the Pole Star to determine position was useless below the equator
Portuguese Exploration • Portuguese fleets had begun sailing south along the western coast of Africa in early 15th century • In search of commerce and trade • Precious metals and goods such as gold and ivory from parts of Morocco and the “Gold Coast” • 1440s-Portuguese begin profiting from the selling of African slaves through their maritime exploration
New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish Empires • Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 – 1460) • Established first school for mariners in Portugal • The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire • Bartholomeu Dias • Vasco da Gama • Reaches India by rounding Cape of Good Hope • Direct voyage from Europe to India • Viceroys • Alfonso d’Albuquerque (1462 – 1515) • Commercial – Military bases • Reasons for Portuguese Success • Able to defeat Muslim opposition and control trade with India (Accomplished this with arms and technique)
Destruction of Muslims at Malacca • Encompassing and controlling Malacca and the Malay peninsula meant: • Destroying Arab spice trade • Providing a way station on route to the Spice Islands and China
Voyages of the New World • Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506) • Reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492) • Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502) • Additional Discoveries • John Cabot-Venetian that sailed for England • Pedro Cabral-Discovered South America in 1500 • Amerigo Vespucci- America=New Lands • Nun˜ez de Balboa • Ferdinand Magellan • Ferdinand Magellan (1480 – 1521) • First known circumnavigation of the earth • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)-divided the New World between Spain and Portugal
The Spanish Empire in the New World • Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica • The Maya (civilization of sophistication) • The Aztec were the prominent rulers of much of Mexico at the time of Euro exploration • The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire • Hernan Cortés (1485 – 1547) • Best exemplifies Spanish exploration and expansion of the New World • Moctezuma (Montezuma) • Aztec Empire overthrownby Cortez • Capital city (Tenochtitlan) located in Central Mexixo
The Spanish Empire (Cont) • The Inca (Ruler) and the Spanish • Pachakuti-Inca leader (Led campaign bringing entire region under control) • Inca buildings and roads • Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475 – 1541) • Conquered and plundered Inca empire in 1531 • Smallpox- European disease contributing to high mortality rates among natives of the New World • Incas overthrown (1535)- Pizzaro establishes new Spanish Empire at the capital city of Lima • No immunity for epidemic • Death of the emperor • Civil war between two sons of the Inca Emperor • Incan soldiers outmatched • Armed with stones, arrows, and light spears
The Spanish Empire (Cont) • Administration of the Spanish Empire • Queen Isabella proclaimed the natives to be subjects of Castile • Encomienda- Social and Economic System under Castile • Conquistadors collected tribute from the natives and used their labor • Spaniards abused Indians, ignoring their government • Put to work on plantations and in gold and silver mines • Bartolome de Las Casas was a major public critic of Spanish treatment of the Indians • Viceroys • Ruled over New Spain and Peru • The Church • Catholic Monarchs of Spain given extensive rights of Holy affairs in the New World
New Rivals • Dutch, French, and English • Dutch East India Company 1602 • Established a settlement at the Cape of Good Hope • Trade in slaves increases with European exploration and settlement • Most Africans taken from coastal areas and shipped to plantations in the NW (Middle East and Europe previously) • Discovery of the Americas changed the slave trade drastically
Africa: The Slave Trade • Sugar Cane and slavery • European diseases set an early expiration date for many Indians • Plantations needed more labor than natives could supply • Growth in the Slave Trade • Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the Americas between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries • New Atlantic Economy represented by Triangular Trade • European Merchants from England, France, Spain, Portugal, and the Dutch Republic • Facilitated trade between European, African, and American continents
The Slave Trade (cont) • Each cargo contained around 300-450 • Rate of death could exceed 10% on longer journeys due to adverse conditions • Suffering endured for Africans who survived the middle passage as they had little or no immunity to NW sicknesses
Effects of the Slave Trade • The Slave Trade increased war and violence in Africa among natives • Prisoners of War • Crippled African economies • Depopulation of African communities • Demoralization
Conflicting Views of Slavery • Western society tended to accept slavery • Blacks viewed as inferior beings meant for dull labor • Beginning in the 1770s the Society of Friends (Quakers) publicly abhorred slavery
The West in Southeast Asia • Portugal • Too weak at home to dominate empire abroad • Spain • Established Pacific base in the Philippines • The Dutch and the English • Dutch seize the spice trade, in SE Asia, from Portugal in the early 17th century • Dutch bring most of Indonesia under its control by the end of the 18th century
The West in Southeast Asia (cont) • Mainland SE Asia was not impacted as much by European arrival • More success in resisting European intrusion because they had strong monarchies and were more politically cohesive • Cooperation helped states drive Europeans out • Local Kingdoms (Burma/Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Angkor (Cambodia), and Vietnam)
The French and the British in India • The Mughal Empire • Mongol in origin • Babur-Founder of dynasty • Akbar (1556-1605) Grandson of Babur • Brought more systematic and centralized rule to India • Under Akbar and the Mughal Empire, India enjoyed economic progress and relative peace
The French and the British in India • The Impact of the Western Powers • Portugal-Original European power in India • England-Steady increase in British presence • French-Major western rival to the British in India • Sir Robert Clive • Thwarted the French threat in India • The East India Company • Company in which stakes can be bought and owned by shareholders • Local British population in India’s Fort William imprisoned in the black hole of Calcutta
China • China • In 16th century Portugal became the first European state to make direct contact with China since the travels of M. Polo • Ming Dynasty (1369 – 1644) • Qing Dynasty • Originated from Manchuria and replaced the Ming in the 17th century • Overthrow of the Ming created opportunity for Manchus who conquered Beijing and Li Zicheng • Limited Contact with Europeans • Lord Macartney compared the Chinese empire to “an old, crazy, first-rate man of war destined to be dashed to pieces on the shore” • Due to incompetent leadership
Japan • Japan • Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 – 1616) • Shogun, meaning general, achieved the unification of Japan • Most powerful and longest lasting of all Shogunates • Opening to the West • The Portuguese • Initially visitors welcomed • Catholic Missionaries • Interfered in local politics • Tokugawa Ieyasu expelled all missionaries in Japan and persecuted Christians
The Americas • The Spanish and Portuguese were challenged by European rivals • British and French found success in the W. Indies • North America • The Dutch settle the Hudson River Valley • The English • Jamestown (1607)-First permanent English settlement in N. America • The French • Canada- Jacques Cartier discovers St. Lawrence River in 1534 and claims Canada as a French possession
The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquered • Devastating effects to local populations in America and Africa • Less impact in Asia • China and Japan were two nations barely impacted by European power and influence • Multiracial society first appeared in Latin America • Catholic Missionaries • Conversion of native populations • Hospitals, orphanages and schools • The Jesuits • Allowed new converts to practice ancestor worship • Catholicism failed to disperse in China because of the opposition by the Pope to ancestor worship
The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquerors • Europeans lusted for gold and silver • Opening of Potosi mines in Peru (1545) the value of precious metals imported into Europe quadrupled • Exchange of plants and animals • Columbian Exchange • European brought cattle, horses, and wheat to NW • Took potatoes, chocolate, corn, tobacco back to Europe • European rivalries • New views of the world • Gerardus Mercator’s (1512 – 1594) work is the most famous map projection in history • A Mercator projection shows the true shape of landmasses in a limited area
Toward a World Economy • Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century • Inflation • Major economic problem in Europe; created price instability • Wages failed to keep up with price increases • Decline in the standard of living for working class • The Growth of Commercial Capitalism • Joint stock trading companies • Commercial organization benefitted commercial expansion • Individuals bought shares in companies and received dividends on their investments • Raise of spectacular sums of capital for world trading
Toward a World Economy • The financial center of Europe in the 17th century was Amsterdam • New industries tied to banking firms • Jacob Fugger was given a monopoly over silver, copper, and mercury mines in the Habsburg possessions of central Europe • These possessions produced profits of 50%, annually
Mercantilism • Total volume of trade unchangeable • Economic activity = war through peaceful means • Importance of bullion (gold and silver) and favorable balance of trade • Exported goods more valuable than imported goods • State intervention • Governments should stimulate and protect export industries and trade
Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization • Transoceanic trade very valuable • Goods consumed by affluent, merchants, and artisans • Intra European trade • By the end of the 17th century local, regional, and intra-European trade was greater than international trade • Trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa, the East and the Americas
