Imperialism

1. Imperialism

2. Imperialism Topics • Africa • India • China • Japan “Imperialism is a Glorious Pursuit”

3. Definition • Imperialism is a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially • Involves the takeover of a country or territory and its people

4. Motives—Why? • Economic • Political • Religious • Exploratory • Ideological

5. Key Themes • Between 1850-1914, industrialized countries exploit overseas colonies for resources and markets. • Western imperialists, with superior arms and technology, establish colonies in Asia and Africa; colonial rule, however, provokes native resistance and spurs feelings of nationalism. • Countries in East Asia respond to Western imperialism in different ways; China initially resists foreign influence while Japan ends its isolation and begins to modernize like its Western counterparts.

6. Warm-Up Directions • Complete the handout—The Scramble for Africa • Label the following countries on attached map—Ethiopia, Liberia, Nigeria, South Africa, Ivory Coast

7. Suez Canal • Opened in 1869, it is a manmade waterway connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea • Built by the French • Why might it be important to European imperialism in Africa?

9. It was a strategic location as the shortest link between Europe and Asia!

10. Imperialists Divide Africa “All great nations in the fullness of their strength have desired to set their mark upon barbarian lands…and those who fail to participate in this great rivalry will play a pitiable [pathetic] role in time to come.”

11. Africa Before Imperialism • Many ethnic groups but few Europeans rule in Africa • African armies and traders kept Europeans out • Rivers were impassable, making it difficult to get inland

12. Competition • Europeans learn about Africa from explorers • Greed, nationalism, racism, and philanthropy motivate European colonialism

13. Competition • A growing need for new markets and raw materials to improve their economies • Superior arms (Maxim gun), the steam engine, medicines, and African rivalries help Europeans dominate Africa

14. Social Darwinism • The application of Charles Darwin’s ideas about evolution and “survival of the fittest” to human societies • Justification for imperialist expansion

15. Social Darwinism • Societies with more wealth, power and technology were superior to those without • Europeans had a right and a duty (“burden”) to spread their values to others

16. Territorial Scramble • The Berlin Conference (1884-5) divides Africa among European nations • The division fails to take into account African ethnic and linguistic groupings

17. Berlin Conference Simulation • Read directions and identify the goals of your countries • Negotiate and discuss how best to divide the African continent • Submit map and answers to reflection questions upon completion of exercise • Time: ~ 45 minutes

18. Reflection Questions • What similarities and differences do you see between your map and the map of 1914 Africa? • How did this exercise help you and your group to understand the process of imperialism in Africa?

20. African Imperialism—A Review… • How did the force of nationalism influence the process of imperialism in the late nineteenth century? • What advantages did the Europeans have that enabled them to conquer the people of Africa? • Explain the concept of Social Darwinism. What imperial motive did it pertain to? • What was the Berlin Conference, and what long-term impact did it have on the African people?

21. Imperial Control • Two basic methods of colonial management: indirect and direct • Indirect control used by Britain and U.S. (in Pacific) • Direct control used by French and other European powers • Paternalism and assimilation (“association”)

22. Colonial Management

23. Colonial Management

24. African Resistance • Africans resist colonial rule, despite lack of adequate organization and weapons • Ethiopia successfully resists European dominance

25. Impact of Colonial Rule

26. Impact of Colonial Rule

27. White Man’s Burden “Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.” Which imperialist motive(s) do/does this poem excerpt reflect? How does it justify imperialism as a noble and necessary enterprise?

28. White Man’s Burden Analysis • Groups of three (3) • Complete three tasks as a group and submit… • Poem analysis / explanation • Poem recreation • Political cartoon

29. British Imperialism in India

30. British Control • The East India Company seizes control of most of India • Britain considers India its primary colony, serving as its main supplier of raw materials

31. “Jewel in the Crown” • Raw materials • 300 million people  large potential market for British-made goods • Restrictions set up that prevented Indian economy from operating on its own; India produced raw materials for British manufacturing, purchased British finished goods • No competition between Indian and British goods

32. Indians Rebel • Indians object to the racist attitudes of the British rulers • The Sepoy Mutiny turns into widespread rebellion • The British government takes direct control of India

35. Indian Nationalism • Indians begin to demand a greater role in government, resenting a system that made them second-class citizens in their own country • Nationalists form the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League • Such groups were formed because they recognized the need to reform in order to resist European imperialism

36. Review—British Imperialism in India Imagine that you and a partner have been asked to tell the story of British imperialism in India to someone younger than you. Using your notes and homework outline, record a two-paragraph explanation that accurately describes this development, but does so in a clear and concise fashion. Use the following terms in your explanation… • East India Company • “Jewel in the Crown” • Sepoy Mutiny • Indian National Congress • Muslim League

37. Imperialism in China and Japan

38. Chinese Resistance • China has little interest in trading with Western nations • British import large amounts of tea from China and smuggle opium into the country • Opium War / Treaty of Nanjing

39. Internal Problems Increase • Poverty and political corruption create problems for China in the mid-1800s • Taiping Rebellion • Should China modernize or remain committed to traditional values?

40. Outside Influence • Western nations and Japan gain spheres of influence in China • U.S. promotes Open Door policy to assure trading rights for all nations and to protect China from colonization

41. Chinese Nationalism • Boxer Rebellion • Attack on foreigners • After rebellion is crushed by foreign troops, Chinese government realizes change is necessary

42. Opium War and Boxer Rebellion • What do they have in common? • Resentment of foreigners contributed to both conflicts!

43. Letter to Queen Victoria Analysis • Read and analyze Lin Zexu’s Letter to Queen Victoria • Assume the identity of Queen Victoria of Britain; write a reply letter to Lin Zexu in which you justify the actions of the British in the opium trade and resulting wars • Record your response on the back of the paper; minimum two paragraphs in length

44. European Imperialism of China—A Review… Explain the significance of the following… • Opium War • Treaty of Nanjing • Extraterritorial rights • Taiping Rebellion • Sphere of influence • Open Door Policy • Boxer Rebellion

45. Japan • Previously a very isolated society; no contact with industrialized world • 1854—opens to trade, grants foreigners permission to trade at treaty ports, extends extraterritorial rights to such individuals • Beginning of Meiji Era

46. Meiji Era • Period of modernization and change • Adopt Western values in government, military structure, education, industrialization, etc.

47. Japanese Imperialism • Defeats China in Sino-Japanese War • Defeats Russia in Russo-Japanese War, claiming Manchuria and Korea • Reaction to Western influence vastly different than that of China

48. A Comparison/Contrast—China versus Japan Objective: Create a list of similarities and differences that breaks down how each country responded to the pressures of imperialism. Do so with a partner and submit when complete.

49. Where would you take a foreign visitor? • Read the primary source excerpt—The Autobiography of Yukichi Fukuzawa • What are Fukuzawa’s impressions of the United States? • Create a list of 10 places—both local and national—that you would take a foreign visitor to help him/her learn about life in the United States today • Justify each selection!