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Development

Development. Lecture 15 4/5/04. Plan. Attachment & bonding Familiarity--Lorenz Comfort-- Harlow Responsiveness to needs- Attachment styles Cognitive Development Piaget’s stages. Imprinting. Any moving, honking stimulus Decoys, rubber balls, wooden blocks, striped metal pipe

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Development

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  1. Development Lecture 15 4/5/04

  2. Plan • Attachment & bonding • Familiarity--Lorenz • Comfort-- Harlow • Responsiveness to needs- Attachment styles • Cognitive Development • Piaget’s stages

  3. Imprinting • Any moving, honking stimulus • Decoys, rubber balls, wooden blocks, striped metal pipe • Critical period ~ within first day... • In humans, attachment is less automatic, mother plays more active role

  4. What is attachment? • A strong, innate emotional connection persisting over time and circumstances • Attachment = adaptive • Infant attachment behaviors motivate adult attention • Infants exhibiting attachment behaviors have a higher chance of survival

  5. Remember Watson? • Dangers of too much mother love • Treat children like young adults; objectively, not sentimentally; never hug or kiss– shake their hands • Love is conditioned, not instinctive • Hunger need // love • Food – salivation; food + bell – salivation; bell… • Food – good feeling; mother + food– good feeling; • Mother -- love

  6. Contact Comfort: A theory of love

  7. Harlow • Strength of attachment is independent of feeding… • Love is conditioned, BUT, UR isn’t food, it’s pleasant, tactile stimulation • Monkey experiments • 1. Influence of nursing vs. contact comfort • 2. Fear response • 3. Exploration • 4. Separation http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/class/Psy301/Niederhoffer/movies/Development/Harlow_interview_pt1.mpg

  8. Harlow’s Contact Comfort Theory • Harlow’s monkey studies  • Surrogate mothers • Wire mesh “mother” • Terrycloth “mother” • Measures of “affection”  • Time spent • Preference in time of stress • “Contact” need is important in determining behavior, esp. in bonding http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/class/Psy301/Niederhoffer/movies/Development/Harlow's_monkeys.mov

  9. Monkeys fed by cloth mothers

  10. Monkeys fed by wire mothers

  11. Do infants form attachment to source of food? • Ate same amount, gained weight same rate, but: • Wire mothered-monkeys didn’t digest milk • When frightened ran to cloth mother • Regardless of whom provided food • http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/class/Psy301/Niederhoffer/movies/Development/Harlow_interview_pt3.mpg

  12. Do infants form attachment to source of food? 3. Open field experiments • Cloth: Rushed to cloth monkeys, clutched, rubbed • W/out mother: Froze w/ fear, cried, thumb-sucking, crouching • Wire: Same as no mother • http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/class/Psy301/Niederhoffer/movies/Development/Harlow_interview_pt2.mpg 4. Separation • When reunited with cloth, rushed to mother, climbed, clutched tightly played • No exploration b/c need for contact comfort =greater • When reunited with wire…

  13. Future Behavior • Abnormal behavior from wire-mom raised: • Sit and stare like autistic child • Sexually disturbed… • 18 females mated voluntarily • 18 females involuntarily (held in place) • Of 36, 20 produced infants • Most males never able to mate • Of 20 who produced infants: • 5 showed adequate, but awkward behavior • 7 Indifferent (failed to nurse) • 8 Abusive- extreme physical cruelty • 4 killed their babies (bit off fingers and toes)

  14. Note! • Of 20, only 5 showed adequate behavior! • Also important: peer contact • Of adequates: all had peer exposure • Of indifferent & abusive, only 3 had peers • Peers are perhaps more important than tactile stimuli for determining later behavior…

  15. Human Attachment Styles

  16. John Bowlby (1969) • Clear sequence of 3 emotional reactions upon separation (across species) • Protest • Despair • Detachment • Specific emotions & behaviors designed to keep infants near primary caregivers • EVOLUTIONARY SELECTED

  17. The Strange Situation Mary Ainsworth, 1978 • Parent brings baby to unfamiliar playroom • Parent and stranger come & go (scripted) • Child’s behavior observed in secret • How do they react to separations & reunions? • Explore while “secure base” is there? • Distress upon departure? • Delight upon return?

  18. Secure Attachment • About 60% of children in normal conditions • Secure base for exploration • Safe Haven when distressed Avoidant Attachment • About 25% of children • Don’t use parent as secure base • Don’t use parent as safe haven • Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment • About 15% of children • Ineffective secure base (clinging, nervous) • Ineffective safe haven (emotional acting out, suspicious)

  19. Mental Models • Secure: Selves as friendly, good-natured, likable; • Othersas well-intentioned, reliable & trustworthy • Avoidant: Selves as suspicious, aloof & skeptical; • Others as unreliable, over-eager to commit • Anxious: Selves as misunderstood, unconfident, underappreciated; • Others as Unreliable, unwilling/ unable to commit to permanent relationship

  20. Consequences of secure attachment in adulthood • More trusting in relationships • Longer relationships • More sexual satisfaction, esp. with long-term partner • Higher self-esteem and regard for others • Seek social support when under stress • Appropriate self-disclosure style • Positive, optimistic, constructive interactions with others • Better a positive mood self-induction

  21. Chemical basis of attachment Oxytocin • Hormone related to affiliative behaviors, including infant-caregiver attachment • Promotes maternal behaviors that help ensure survival of infant • Strengthens social memories

  22. Cognitive Development • Children are curious, active, constructive thinkers who want to understand world around them • Children form schemas = mental representations of the world • Assimilation- fit new info into schema • Accomodation- adjust schema to fit new info

  23. Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

  24. Visual Preferences in Newborns • Patterns vs. solids • Drawing of a human face • Preference for complexity vs. adaptation?

  25. Newborn Orientation to the Face • Infants shown blank shape, face, or scrambled facial features. • same complexity… • Infants looked more intensely at the actual face.

  26. 1. Sensorimotor stage • Understands self as agent of action • Object permanence • Understanding that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen 2. Preoperational stage • Beginning of symbolic thinking-- words • Still egocentric & can’t yet think “operationally” • Imagining logical consequences

  27. Testing Conservation • Ability to conserve marks transition from Preoperational to concrete operational stage

  28. Piaget’s stages 3. Concrete operational stage • Learn to think about operations • Develop conservation • Based on understanding the operation of reversibility 4. Formal operational stage • Develop abstract reasoning • Hypothetic-deductive reasoning • Ability to form and test hypotheses

  29. Sensitivity to Number?Can Infants Add and Subtract? • “Illustration of addition or subtraction” • Correct vs. incorrect outcome (2-1=2, for example) • Infant looks longer at incorrect outcomes

  30. Infants are remarkable… • Adolescence and adulthood bring about fascinating capacities more easily studied… • SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY IS ON THE HORIZON

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