1. DEVELOPMENT Chapter 10

2. How Do You Define and Measure Development? Gross National Product (GNP) Measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a country in a given year, both inside and outside a country’s territory Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced with a country by the citizens and corporations in a given year Gross National Income (GNI) Most common measurement used today Measure of the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country

3. Issues with Measuring Economic Development • Formal economy • The legal economy that governments tax and monitor • Counted in all measures of economy • Informal economy • The illegal or uncounted economy that governments do not tax or monitor • Not included in measures of economy

4. Other Ways of Measuring Development • Occupational structure of the labor force (employment in sectors of the economy) • Productivity per worker (production divided by total labor force) • Transportation and communications facilities per person (per capita index of transportation and communications per person) • Dependency ratio (dependents, young and old, that each 100 workers must support)

5. Differences in Communications Connectivity Around the World

6. Dependency Ratio, 2007 A measure of the number of people under the age of 15 and over the age of 65 who depend on each working-age adult

7. Development Models • Implication of • “Progress” • Similar path or process in all countries • Walt Rostow’s Modernization model • Traditional • Preconditions of takeoff • Takeoff • Drive to maturity • High mass consumption

8. Rostow’s Ladder of Development

9. How Does Geographical Situation Affect Development? • Importance of context: What happens at state, local, global scale • Colonialism • Diffusion of idea of the state • Dependence of colonies on rulers • Wealth to ruling countries • Neo-colonialism: Continuation of economic dependency despite political independence • Structuralist theory: Difficult-to-change, large-scale economic arrangements

10. Dependency Theory • Development possibilities limited by • Political and economic relations between regions and countries • Dependency of colonies on ruling countries • Reinforcement of dependency despite political independence • Dollarization: Replacing local currency with currency of a wealthy country • Little hope for development in countries dominated by wealthy powers

11. World-Systems Theory: Three-Tier Structure Core Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology Generate more wealth in the world economy Periphery Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology Generate less wealth in the world economy Semi-periphery Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery Serves as a buffer between core and periphery

12. Three-Tier System

13. What Are the Barriers to and the Costs of Development? Millennium Development Goals • Eliminate extreme poverty and hunger • Achieve universal primary education • Promote gender equality and empower women • Reduce child mortality • Improve maternal health • Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases • Ensure environmental sustainability • Develop a global partnership for development

14. Human Development Index, 2005

15. Barriers to Development • Social conditions • Foreign debt and structural adjustment loans • Political instability • Widespread disease (e.g., malaria)

16. Foreign Debt Obligations

17. Malaria Transmission Risk

18. Costs of Economic Development • Industrialization • Air and surface water pollution • Export Processing Zones (EPZs) • Maquiladoras • Special economic zones (SEZs) • Locations geared to export markets

19. Export Processing Zones

20. Costs of Development • Agriculture • Pesticides • Desertification • Production for export rather than local markets • Tourism • Pollution • Narrow benefits • Damage to local cultures

21. Areas Threatened by Desertification

22. How Do Political and Economic Institutions Influence Uneven Development Within States? • Get involved in world markets • Price commodities • Affect whether core processes produce wealth • Shape laws to affect production • Enter international organizations that affect trade • Focus foreign investment in certain places • Support large-scale projects

23. Islands of Development • Government islands: Capital cities • Corporate islands • Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) • Private, usually non-profit organizations • Microcredit programs