Chapter 18 The Enlightenment and Revolution

1. Chapter 18The Enlightenment and Revolution By Jacky S.

2. NOTES

3. Section 1 What Greek device showed latitude? Astrolabe What Chinese invention indicated north? Magneticcompass

4. Section 1 What other technologies helped sea exploration? New rudder Triangular sails Many masts (multi-masts) Smaller sails

5. Section 1 What Portuguese ships were smaller and more sea-worthy? Caravels What were the first four strong nations? Spain, France, England, Portugal

6. Section 1 On which islanddid Columbus probably first land? San Salvador What other two islands did he explore on his first voyage? Cuba & Hispaniola

7. Section 1 Who did Elizabeth I send to attack Spanish ships? “Sea dogs” – the most famous was Francis Drake Phillip II was angered, so what did he send to attack England? Spanish Armada

8. Section 1 How did the English defeat the Spanish Armada? Smaller, faster ships & the “Protestant winds” Why did European countries set up colonies? To get goods cheaper and claim more land

9. Section 1 Where were Asian trading posts built for the Portuguese? Japan India China Persian Gulf Moluccas “Spice Islands”

10. Section 1 What economic theory states that countries gain power by building up supply of gold and silver? Mercantilism How did they achieve this? They exported more than they imported

11. Section 1 What type of company is created when businesspeople invest in shares of it? A joint-stock company What is the buying and selling of goods in large amounts over long distances? Commerce

12. Section 1 When the Europeans came into contact with the Americas, they “traded” different things with each other. What is this phenomenon known as? The Columbian Exchange What was “traded?” People, goods, technology, ideas, and disease

13. Section 1 Which European country started slave trade in the Americas to work on sugarcane plantations? Spain What industry paid peasants to produce products? Cottage Industry

14. Section 1 What were some of the most important crops to Europe and why? Potatoes  more food Corn  to feed animals Done with Section 1!

15. Section 2 What is an explanation of how or why something happens based on what you can observe? Theory During the Middle Ages, Europeans “lost” much scientific knowledge. Which two groups preserved and added to science during that time? Arabs and Jews

16. Section 2 What is a sun-centered theory of our solar system called? Heliocentric Earth centered? Geocentric

17. Section 2 What are the oval paths that planets move in called? Ellipses What device measures air pressure? Barometer

18. Section 2 What is the study of physical properties such as matter and energy? Physics What is the study of natural substances and how they change? Chemistry

19. Section 2 What is an explanation of facts for observation on which to make prediction called? Hypothesis What is the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge? Rationalism

20. Section 2 What is the orderly way of collecting and analyzing evidence? Scientific Method What expanded Europe’s scientific knowledge in the 1400s? Voyages of exploration Done with Section 2!

21. Section 3 What is law that applies to all people and can be understood by reason? Natural Law What type of government has an all-powerful king or queen? Absolute Monarchy

22. Section 3 What English document agreed to obey the Parliament and gave basic rights such as fair trials? English Bill of Rights – Introduced by William and Mary as part of the “Glorious Revolution” What is an agreement between rulers and people called? Social Contract

23. Section 3 What is it called to divide government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches? Separation of powers What were French enlightened thinkers called? Philosophes

24. Section 3 What is the religion based on reason where God created the world and set it in motion to run by natural law? Deism During the Age of Absolutism, rulers claimed to rule by the will of God. They answered to God, not the people. What was this called? Divine right

25. Section 3 What were rulers that used some Enlightened ideas, but did not lose any power called? Enlightened Despots What city did Peter II of Russia found? St. Petersburg Done with Section 3!

26. Section 4 Who were the first to settle the Americas? Spain Where were their settlements? Latin America, Caribbean, Florida, and the Southwest of current U.S.

27. Section 4 What was the capital of New France? Quebec Who established Quebec? Samuel de Champlain

28. Section 4 Which three French explorers explored on the Mississippi river? Louis Joliet, Jacques Marquette, La Salle Because of them, the French had a large area of land. What was it called? Louisiana

29. Section 4 Where was the first permanent English settlement? Jamestown What became the cash crop that saved Jamestown failure? Tobacco Who discovered it could grow in Virginian soil? John Rolfe

30. Section 4 What did they grow in South Carolina? Rice and Indigo Where did the Pilgrims settle in 1620? Plymouth

31. Section 4 Who founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony? John Winthrop Where did English Catholics settle? Maryland Quakers? Pennsylvania

32. Section 4 What (in terms of government) did all of the colonies want? Self-government What Virginian legislature was fashioned after Parliament? House of Burgess

33. Section 4 What agreement did the Pilgrims have that stated that they could rule themselves, choose their own leaders, and make their own laws? The Mayflower Compact What written plans of government did each colony draft? Constitution

34. Section 4 What did the British pass to make sure the colonies traded with no one but England? The Navigation Acts What did they pass to tax newspapers and printed materials to make money they lost in the French and Indian War? The Stamp Acts

35. Section 4 How did colonists react to the Stamp Acts? Boycotted - stopped buying taxed goods What event killed 5 colonists, provided great propaganda to the aid of the colonists, and caused England to repeal some of their taxes? Boston massacre

36. Section 4 How did the colonists react to the Tea Act? The Boston Tea Party How did the British react to the Boston Tea Party? The Intolerable Acts

37. Section 4 After the Battles at Lexington and Concord, who did the 2nd continental congress choose as the head of the Colonial army? George Washington Who wrote Common Sense, which urged independence, and persuaded many? Thomas Paine

38. Section 4 What is the idea that a government may only use those powers given to it by the people? Limited government What is the idea that government receives its powers from the people? Popular sovereignty

39. Section 4 Who wrote most of the Declaration of Independence? Thomas Jefferson Done with Section 4!

40. NAME THAT PERSON

41. Section 1The person who… …was a Greek educated Egyptian scholar …wrote Geography …helped the Europeans with longitude and latitude Ptolemy …was an Arab geographer …expanded the world for Europeans with knowledge of East Africa and Indian Ocean Al-Idrisi

42. Section 1The person who… …was a Portuguese ruler …created a school at Sagres where sailors, cartographers, and shipbuilders could share knowledge Prince Henry the Navigator …was a Portuguese explorer …reached the tip of Africa (Cape of Storms) and turned around Bartolomew Dias

43. Section 1The person who… …was a Portuguese explorer … made it around Africa and to India Vasco de Gama …sailed for Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain …sailed on the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria Christopher Columbus

44. Section 1The person who… …was the leader of the expedition that successfully circumnavigated the world Ferdinand Magellan …sailed for England …“discovered” Newfoundland John Cabot

45. Section 1The person who… …was a French explorer …sailed from N. Carolina to Newfoundland Giovanni de Verrazano …was a French explorer …made three trips on the St. Lawrence river Jacques Cartier

46. Section 1The person who… …was a French explorer …sailed from N. Carolina to Newfoundland Giovanni de Verrazano …was a French explorer …made three trips on the St. Lawrence river Jacques Cartier Done with Section 1!

47. Section 2The person who… …was a Greek ….observed nature and collected information on plants and animals and classified them info groups Aristotle …was a Greek educated Egyptian …believed that the sun and planets move around the earth Ptolemy

48. Section 2The person who… …was a Christian thinker …believed that Christianity and reason could go together …had ideas that were accepted in the Renaissance Thomas Aquinas …was a Polish Scientist …wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres …Believed that the earth and planets revolved around the sun Nicolaus Copernicus

49. Section 2The person who… …was a German Scientist …believed that planets moved in oval paths called ellipses Johannes Kepler …was an Italian astronomer …conducted experiments proving objects’ falling speeds don’t depend on their weight …improved the clock and telescope …withdrew ideas that were condemned by the Catholic church Galileo

50. Section 2The person who… …used Mercury to make the first barometer Evangelista Torricelli …wrote the Principia …Discovered the law of gravity …concluded that gravity holds the earth together Sir Isaac Newton