Chapter 18: Enlightenment and Revolution

1. Chapter 18: Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1: The Age of Exploration

2. I CAN… • 1.) Describe the causes and effects of European exploration after 1400 including: • A.) Imperialism • B.) Colonialism • C.) Mercantilism • D.) Impact on the peoples of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americas

3. Europe Gets Ready to Explore • Reasons why they begin to explore: • 1.) Wanted to find a sea route to trade for silks and spices of E. Asia • 2.) Had the right technology • Arabs- Astrolabe • Chinese- Compass • Portuguese- Caravel • 3.) Kingdoms become stronger and wealthier • 4 major kingdoms: • 1.) Portugal • 2.) Spain • 3.) France • 4.) England

4. Spain Fights England • After Columbus, the Spanish went on to build a vast empire in America • Soon after Cortes conquered the Aztecs and Pizarro conquered the Inca, gold and silver began to flow in to Europe from Spain’s empire in America • Meanwhile, Spain and England had become enemies • Due to England aiding the Dutch’s (part of Spain’s empire) Protestant revolt • Also, Elizabeth I allowed English pirates to raid Spanish treasure ships • Fed up, Spanish King Philip II sent the Spanish Armada to invade England • England’s smaller, faster ships win • Shows that England is now the world power

5. What is Mercantilism? • The idea that a country gains power by building up its supply of gold and silver • Best way to do this: export more than you import • Also thought countries should set up colonies • Produce goods their parent country does not have • Europeans began setting up trading posts in Asia and North America • Took silver to Asia and brought back spices and silk to Europe • Trading overseas was very expensive • Businesses needed people to invest to help pay costs • Major projects needed a group of investors to back it • Became known as joint-stock companies

6. Global Exchange • 1.) What foods came from America to Europe? • 2.) What foods came from Europe and Asia to America? • 3.) What new animals were brought to America? How did they change life in America? • 4.) Describe the movement of people during this time? • 5.) How did Europeans change Asian society? • 6.) What new diseases were brought to America by Europeans? Who did they effect?

7. Section 3: The Enlightenment • I CAN… • 1.) Define the Enlightenment • 2.) Define natural law • 3.) Describe the contributions to the Enlightenment including: • A.) Thomas Hobbes • B.) John Locke • C.) Montesquieu • D.) Voltaire • E.) Diderot • F.) Rousseau

8. New Ideas about Politics • During the Enlightenment, political thinkers tried to apply reason and scientific ideas to gov’t • Claimed there was a natural law that applied to everyone and could be understood by reason • This law was key to understanding gov’t

9. Who was Thomas Hobbes? • Argued that natural law made absolute monarchy the best form of gov’t • Humans were naturally selfish and violent; could not be trusted to make own decisions • People need to obey a very powerful gov’t • Only a strong ruler could give people direction

10. Why is John Locke Important? • Used natural law to affirm citizens’ rights and to make gov’t answerable to the people • Believed gov’t should be based on nat’l law • This law gave all people, from birth, certain natural rights • Life, liberty, and right to own property • Believed the purpose of gov’t was to protect these rights • All gov’ts are based on a social contract w/ its people • If a ruler took away people’s natural rights, the people had the right to revolt and set up a new gov’t

11. Who Was Montesquieu? • French thinker who said England’s gov’t was the best bc it had a separation of powers • Power should be equally divided among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of a gov’t • Legislative= Makes laws • Executive= Enforces laws • Judicial= Interprets laws and punishes those that break laws • By separating these powers, gov’t could not become too powerful and threaten people’s rights

12. What Do Enlightenment Thinkers Believe? • 1.) Use reason to change society • 2.) Disagreed w/ Church leaders who opposed new scientific discoveries • 3.) Freedom of speech • 4.) Individual’s right to liberty

13. Who Was Voltaire? • Greatest thinker of the Enlightenment • Had a strong dislike of the Roman Catholic Church • Opposed the gov’t supporting one religion and forbidding others • Thought people should be free to choose their own beliefs

14. Who Was Diderot? • Did the most to spread Enlightenment ideas • Created the Encyclopedia that became the thinkers’ main weapon against traditional ways

15. Rousseau’s Social Contract • Claimed that supporters of the Enlightenment relied too much on reason • Felt that people should pay more attention to their feelings • Believed human beings were naturally good, but civilized life corrupted them • To improve, people should live simpler lives closer to nature • Stated that a workable gov’t should be based on a social contract • This is an agreement in which everyone in a society agrees to be governed by what society as a whole wants

16. The Enlightenment and Women • At this time, we see women thinkers calling for women’s rights • Most powerful= Mary Wollstonecraft • Believed that women have reason so they should have the same rights as men in education, the workplace, and in politics