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CCD and CMOS Sensors

CCD and CMOS Sensors. Craig Robinson. Definitions. CCD Charge Coupled Device CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. What is CCD and CMOS?. Array of Diodes (photosites) that produce a voltage: Linearly Proportional to the AMOUNT incident light.

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CCD and CMOS Sensors

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  1. CCD and CMOS Sensors Craig Robinson

  2. Definitions • CCD • Charge Coupled Device • CMOS • Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

  3. What is CCD and CMOS? • Array of Diodes (photosites) that produce a voltage: • Linearly Proportional to the AMOUNT incident light. • Non-linearly Dependant to the WAVELENGTH • Built out of layers of Silicone • Silicone is sensitive to light • Layers add functionality – different layers perform different functions. (called ‘die’)

  4. CCD History • Invented in 1970 by Bell Labs • Honeywell developed this into an X-Y scanner and taken further by IBM. Originally for data storage! • Taken up by research and astronomy areas. • Now used in security cameras, digital cameras and virtually all digital video applications.

  5. CCD and CMOS Uses

  6. Create high-quality, low-noise images. Greater sensitivity and fidelity 100 times more power Require specialized assembly lines Older and more developed technology More susceptible to noise Light sensitivity is lower Consume little power Easy to Manufacture Cheaper CCD vs CMOS Picture quality, sensitivity and cost vs. Cost and battery life.

  7. Types of CCD and CMOS • Filter Array • Cheap • Easy • Small • Beam Splitters • Expensive • High Quality • One frame required CCD and CMOS • Rotational Lens • Cheaper • Good quality • 3 frames req’d – only stationary objects

  8. Properties • Resolution: 3.2 Megapixels (2054 x 1056) • Frame Rate: 30 ~ 500 Frames/sec • Dynamic Range: Signal – noise ratio. Dark Signal • Windowing: Enhance Region of Interest • Remote Control: Simple serial characters • Anti-blooming: Bright object saturation. • Interface: Serial, parallel, etc. • Power: +5VDC @ 2.5W • Size: 4mm and larger • Cost: $60 and upwards

  9. Interfacing • Many different options: • Serial Transmission • Parallel Transmission • VHF/UHF output • Requires specific power setup • Send Input data to setup: • Auto Gain • Shutter Speed • Power mode, image specs etc Increasing # of onboard calculations

  10. Serial and Parallel • Requires MANY Pulses:

  11. Timing

  12. Example • Add a CCD / CMOS to the robot in the lab. • Robot must wander and clean the your house while you are sleeping. • Choose CMOS due to lower power consumption. • Need high sensitivity for night vision. • Choose the Sharp LZOP3817.

  13. Peripherals: • Pulse Pattern Generator • Vertical Drivers + DC/DC Converter • CDS - AGC – ADC • CDS (correlated double sampling) • AGC (automatic gain control) • ADC (analog-to-digital convertor) • DSP

  14. Board Layout DRAM D 0 -7 LZOP3817 CMOS CHIP DSK6711 (Or micro controller) DATA ADRESS GLUE LOGIC Horizontal Timing Vertical timing

  15. Manufacturers • Philips • Sharp • Dalsa • Fuji • Sony • Kodak • Polaroid

  16. References • HowStuffworks: Digital Cameras • www.dalsa.com/markets/Photonics_Spectra_CCDvsCMOS_Litwiller.pdf • www.sharpsma.com • www.semiconductors.philips.com • http://www.ccd.com/ • Peter McCullough at The University of Illinois (Astronomy)

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