Morphology The Sound Patterns of Language
BASIC CONCEPTS free morphemes compounding clipping affix derivation bound prefix allomorph suppletion root partial reduplication blending inflection backformation morph head simple words acronyms infix word structure complex words near minimal pairs full reduplication syllable allophones
Words and Morphemes • Word • simple • complex • Morpheme • free, bound • lexical, grammatical • Morph
Exercise: i) For each word, determine whether it is simple or complex. ii) Circle all of the bound morphemes. Underline all of the roots. a) fly k) spiteful b) desks l) suite c) untie m) fastest d) tree n) deform e) dislike o) disobey f) reuse p) preplan g) triumphed q) optionality h) delight r) prettier i) justly s) mistreat j) payment t) premature
Affixation Cliticization Internal Change Suppletion Stress and tone replacement Reduplication Compounding Conversion Clipping Blends Backformation Acronyms Onomatopoeia Word Manufacture Eponym Morphological Processes
preempt streetlight sang flu Interpol CIA they’ve finished best scuba Kodak progress comb whoosh resurrect sandwich bike Identify the morphological process involved in the creation of the words below.
N V Af sell er Derivation • an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its base
Exercise: Draw a tree structure for each item. • discoverability • unproductive • derivational • spoonfeeding • underestimated • truthfulness • unhealthy • mismanagement • anti-modernization • unzippable
Compounding • Head • Endocentric • Exocentric
Morphological Analysis • Identifying morphemes • Isolate and compare forms that are partially similar. • If a single phonetic form has two distinctive meanings, it must be analyzed as representing two different morphemes. • If the same meaning is associated with different phonetic forms, these different forms all represent the same phoneme.
Data 1 (Agta) dakal ‘big’ dumakal ‘grow big, grow up’ darag ‘red’ dumarag ‘redden’ furaw ‘white’ fumuraw ‘become white’ a. List the morphemes in this data. b. What morphological process is exhibited above? c. What does ‘um’ mean?
Solution for Data 1 • W Adj + Af • Af um • Adj dakal, darag, furaw • Tob infixation X (C1)V1(C)V + Af X (C1)um V1
Data 2 (Paku) • me ‘I’ meni ‘we’ • ye ‘you (sg.)’ yeni ‘you (pl.)’ • we ‘he’ weni ‘they (masculine)’ • wa ‘she’ wani ‘they (feminine)’ • abuma ‘girl’ abumani ‘girls’ • adusa ‘boy’ adusani ‘boys’ • abu ‘child’ abuni ‘children’ • Paku ‘one Paku’ Pakuni ‘more than one Paku’
Solution for Data 2 • W N + Af • Af ni • N me, ye, we, wa, abuma, adusa, abu, Paku • Tob suffixation
Data 3 (English) • ugly, uglier, ugliest • pretty, prettier, prettiest • tall, taller, tallest • sad, sadder, saddest • long, longer, longest • big, bigger, biggest • short, shorter, shortest • What are the conditioning environments for the allomorphs of comparative and superlative form? • Provide a solution for this data. Include rules to specify the occurrence of the allomorphs.
Assignment Data 1. Examine the following words from Michoacan Aztec. nokali ‘my house’ mopelo ‘your dog’ nokalimes ‘my houses’ mopelomes ‘your dogs’ mokali ‘your house’ ipelo ‘his dog’ ikali ‘his house’ nokwahmili ‘my cornfield’ kalimes ‘houses’ mokwahmili ‘your cornfield’ ikwahmili ‘his cornfield’
a. The morpheme meaning ‘house’ is: (1) kal (2) kali (3) kalim (4) ikal (5) ka b. The word meaning ‘cornfields’ is: (1) kwahmilimes (2) nokwahmilimes (3) nokwahmili (4) kwahmili (5) ikwahmilimes c. The word meaning ‘his dogs’ is: (1) pelos (2) ipelomes (3) ipelos (4) mopelo (5) pelomes d. If the word meaning ‘friend’ is mahkwa, then the word meaning ‘my friends’ is: (1) momahkwa (2) imahkwas (3) momahkwames (4) momahkwaes (5) nomahkwames e. The word meaning ‘dog’ is: (1) pelo (2) perro (3) peli (4) pel (5) mopel
Data 2. The following examples from Samoan illustrate reduplication. manao ‘he wishes’ mananao ‘they wish’ matua ‘he is old’ matutua ‘they are old’ malosi ‘he is strong’ malolosi ‘they are strong’ punou ‘he bends’ punonou ‘they bend’ atamaki ‘he is wise’ atamamaki ‘they are wise’ savali ‘he travels’ pepese ‘they sing’ laga ‘he weaves’
a. What is the Samoan for: (1) they weave (2) they travel (3) he sings b. Formulate a general statement (a morphological rule) that states how to form the plural verb from the singular verb.
Data 3. Tagalog 1. bili ‘buy’ 1a. bibili ‘will buy’ 2. inom ‘drink’ 2a. iinom ‘will drink’ 3. sulat ‘write’ 3a. susulat ‘will write’ 4. layas ‘leave’ 4a. lalayas ‘will leave’ 5. kain ‘eat’ 5a. kakain ‘will eat’ 6. ibig ‘love’ 6a. iibig ‘will love’ 7. pasok ‘enter’ 7a. papasok ‘will enter’ Write a solution to account for the morphological change in this data.
