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DNA Structure

This overview provides insights into the intricate processes of DNA replication and protein synthesis, as well as the various classes of lipids and their functions. DNA replicates by unwinding and forming complementary base pairs—adenine pairs with thymine and guanine with cytosine. During protein synthesis, mRNA decodes DNA instructions and carries them to ribosomes, where tRNA assembles amino acids to create proteins. Additionally, we explore different lipid classes, including triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids, highlighting their unique structures and essential roles in biological systems.

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DNA Structure

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  1. DNA Structure

  2. DNA replication • When DNA replicates it unwinds and complimentary bases • Adenine – Thymine • Guanine- Cytosine • Are added to a new daughter strand.

  3. Protein synthesis • DNA is instructions for building a protein. • The DNA is decoded by messenger RNA, mRNA. • mRNA then carries the information to the ribosome of a cell. • Transfer RNA, tRNA, then adds specific amino acids in order to build the protein.

  4. Lipids • Lipids are biochemical compounds defined by being insoluble in water. • There are 4 classes of Lipids: • Fatty Acids • Waxes • Phospholipids • Steroids

  5. Fatty Acids • Fatty acids are carboxylic acid chains. • Vegetable oil and animal fats are triglycerides. • Triglycerides- esters of glycerol bound to 3 fatty acids • The primary function of triglycerides is storage of energy. • These fats can be saturated (with hydrogen) • They can also be unsaturated, meaning they have double bonds decreasing the amount of hydrogen.

  6. Triglycerides

  7. Phospholipids • Phospholipids are similar to triglycerides but only have 2 fatty acids instead of 3. • They also have a phosphate group attached to the glycerol. • Phospholipids are needed in cell membranes.

  8. Waxes • Waxes are long carbon chain esters. • They are solids at room temperature. • They provide water proof coatings on leaves. • They are used in crayons, lip stick, candles, and a variety of other things.

  9. Steroids • Steroids are a class of lipids that have a characteristic 4 carbon rings linked together.

  10. Common Steroids • Cholesterol- starting material for many steroid molecules. A build up of cholesterol in the arteries has been linked to heart attacks • Testosterone- male sex hormone • Progesterone/Estrogen- female sex hormones • Cortisone- reduces inflammation pain and swelling

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