1. What really isefficient lighting? Stefan Fassbinder Deutsches Kupferinstitut Am Bonneshof 5 D-40474 Düsseldorf Tel.: +49 211 4796-323 Fax: +49 211 4796-310 sfassbinder@kupferinstitut.de www.kupferinstitut.de

2. The German Copper Institute,DKI, is the central informationand advisory service dealing with all uses of copper and copper alloys. We offer our services to: • Commercial companies • The skilled trades • Industry • R & D institutes • Universities • Artists and craftsmen • Students • Private individuals • We can be contacted by: • post • phone • fax • e-mail • internet • online database, or • personally

3. There are basically tho ways of generating light: The ‘wood hammer method’: heating something up until it glows bright The ‘scientific’ approaches: exciting the electrons some other way

4. The efficiency of power electric devices and installations is usually given as a percentage. Only with light this does not work.The efficacy of a light source is given inlumens per watt. Theoretically, the most efficient light source has an energy efficiency of 683 lm/W. But this refers to monochromatic light with a wavelength of 555 nm. However, nobody appreciates such light(except perhaps on traffic lights). With an ideal white light source 199 lm/W would correspond to an efficiency of 100%.

5. 75%of all light is generated by fluorescent lamps These use 50% of the share of electricity used in lighting (whereas lighting in total uses 11% of all electricity generation) 5

6. Why use any ballasts at all? Because otherwise the lamp will either not do anything at all – or it will go bang!

8. There are two principles available: 1. Conventional magnetic ballast or improved low-loss magnetic ballast

9. There are two principles available: 2. Electronic ballast

10. Along with it, a magneticballast also requires • a starter • and a compensation capacitor whereas the capacitor provides little incentive for contentious debates...

11. ...but as for the starter, there are two alternatives again: The commonplace, generic,widely used glow starters...

12. Starter Glow cathode Glow cathode Lamp Ballast Light switch

13. Glow discharge

14. pre-heating

15. Ignition  operation

16. ...and the less well knownelectronic starters

17. Electronic starter Glow cathode Glow cathode Lamp Ballast Light switch

18. Ballasts have an effect on three important areas: EMC Reactive power Energy efficiency • Magnetic ballasts generate low harmonics levels • Magnetic ballasts are sensitive to voltage variances • Electronic ballasts are sensitive to spikes and surges • Electronic ballasts tend to cause HF disturbances • Magnetic ballasts generate a lot of reactive power but compensation is simple and cheap • Electronic ballasts generate ‘harmonic reactive power’ to a greater or lesser degree • Electronic lamp and ballast systems are usually very energy efficient • Magnetic ballasts are energy efficient if you choose a low-loss model and if you mind the operating conditions

19. Are they EMC compliant? The high inductance of a magnetic ballast suppresses current harmonics in theory... ...and in practice

20. What effects do CFLs and what effectsdid older electronic ballasts have on the mains? All CFLs, electronic ballasts up to 25 W and older electronic ballasts work like this

21. And what about electronic ballasts rated over 25 W? Introduce electronic power factor correction (PFC)

22. How effective is power factor correction (to EN 61000-3-2)?

23. with CFL /old electronic ballasts  Loading the neutral line •  with magnetic ballasts

24. Summing the third harmonic L1 L2 L3 N in the neutral wire Physics dictates that at any moment in time the phase and neutral currents must sum to zero

25. HF EMC of electronic ballasts: • A spectrum analysis (according to: • Bernd Steinkühler, • www.cp-institute.de) • may help!

27. HF EMC of electronic ballasts: A spectrum analysis (according to: Bernd Steinkühler, www.cp-institute.de) may help!

28. HF EMC of electronic ballasts: • A spectrum analysis (according to: • Martin Schauer, • www.elq.de) • may help!

29. HF EMC ofelectronic ballasts: • Initial situation with LW transmitter Lumilux Combi EL 18 W in operation

30. HF EMC ofelectronic ballasts: • New electronic ballast, 2*36 W Old electronic ballast, 2*58 W

31. HF EMC ofmagnetic ballasts: • 2 magnetic ballasts, uncompensated 2 magnetic ballasts & parallel compensation

32. HF EMC of compact fluorescent lamps: • CFL 15 W CFL 9 W

33. HF EMC in the reading hall of a library: • Light off Light on

34. HF EMC in the reading hall of a library: • Fundamental at • ≈60 kHz Harmonics as multiples of this

35. LF EMC of MB and EB: • Measured values oflow frequency magnetic fields

36. Apart from the price, the disadvantages of electronic ballasts are: Currently available ballasts >25 W Old-style ballasts >25 W, all other electronic ballasts up to 25 W & CFLs • Sensitivity to transient power disturbances (surges) • HF emission which interferes with other HF devices • Sensitivity to mechanical vibrations • Problematic disposal • Harmonics • Problematic disposal

37. Reactive power compen-sation is important and relatively simple to achieve Compensation requirements of a 58 W lamp with a low-loss magnetic ballast:

38. Reactive power depends very much on the configuration! Total lamp power rating – with the same ballast ineach case!

39. Compensation is best done right at sourceas is the case in fluorescent lamps either in a conventional parallel è configuration or in the so-called lead-lag configuration ç

40. Two 58 W lamps with two ballasts and one capacitor Correctly dimensioned RCu = 13.8 W L = 878 mH C = 5.7 µF

41. Two 58 W lamps with two ballasts and one capacitor RCu = 13.8 W L = 878 mH C = 6.8µF Dimensioning is 20% in error: Reactance is 32% in error!

42. 58 W fluorescent lamp with a class B1 magnetic ballast

43. Two 58 W lamps, one in series with a 5.3 µF capacitor

44. Two 58 W lamps, one in series with a 5.3 µF capacitor

45. Two 58 W lamps, one with a reduced (4.6µF) series capacitor

46. Better voltage stability can be achieved with series compensation

47. Risk with parallel compensation: Higher frequencies cause capacitor to overload, as shown here for an 11 W fluorescent lamp with magnetic ballast

48. And how about energy efficiency? Standards from the EU Commission

49. Attention: Do not confuse! • ≠ Efficiency label for ballasts and efficiency label for household appliances

50. EU‘s initial Directive 2000/55/EG: Objective of 1999/0127 draft document in June 1999:'The present proposal would accelerate the transitionof the Community industry towards the production ofelectronic ballasts' Stated objective of April 2000 draft: 'The overall aim of this Directive is to move gradually away from the less efficient magnetic ballasts, and towards the more efficient electronic ballasts which may also offer extensive energy-saving features, such as dimming' Amendment in May 2000 document: 'Any other measure judged appropriate to improve the inherent energy efficiency of ballasts and to encourage the use of energy-saving lighting control systems should be considered.' Stated objective of the final document of September 2000: 'This Directive aims at reducing energy consumption … by moving gradually away from the less efficient ballasts, and towards the more efficient ballasts which may also offer extensive energy-saving features.'