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Crop Establishment

Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP). Crop Establishment. PalayCheck Recommendation. Key Check 3. Practiced synchronous planting after a fallow period.

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Crop Establishment

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  1. Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP) Crop Establishment

  2. PalayCheck Recommendation Key Check 3 Practiced synchronous planting after a fallow period At least 75% of the irrigation service area of a lateral canal has been plowed prior to sowing. The field has been planted within 14 days before and after the majority of the service area has been planted. Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  3. Number of panicles per unit area is the principal yield-determining factor Optimum number of panicles per unit area: Wet season: 350-400 panicles m-2 Dry season: 450-600 panicles m-2 Factors affecting number of panicles: Tillering capacity of the variety Initial plant population (based on CE method) Available N level at tillering Target panicles for high yield Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  4. Recommendations to achieve Key Check • Allow a fallow period of at least a month from harvest to establishment of the next crop • Follow the local planting calendar Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  5. Importance of synchronous planting • Planting bedone within a month (within 14 days before and after irrigation service areas has been planted) • Avoids the overlapping of incidence of insect and disease population – Fallowing breaks the insect pest cycle and destroys disease hosts • Largely affected by the availability of irrigation water Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  6. PalayCheck Recommendation Key Check 4 Sufficient number of healthy seedlings Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  7. Healthy Seedlings • Produce good canopy • Compete better with weeds • Produce sufficient productive tillers with big panicles Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  8. Characteristics of good, healthy seedlings • Have uniform height and growth • Have short leaf sheaths • Have long/heavy roots • No pests and diseases Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  9. Transplanted rice (TPR) 20 to 40 kg/ha for inbred 15 to 20 kg/ha for Hybrid Direct Seeding (Wet or dry) 40 kg seeds/ha – 150 plants/m2 * 80 kg seeds/ha – 300 plants/m2 * Methods of planting and Recommended seeding rate * 15 DAS Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  10. Transplanting : Advantages • Good head start for plant growth over weeds • Shorter duration in main field • Easy to maintain uniform plant spacing & population, if planted in rows

  11. Proper nursery management Careful handling of young seedlings for fast revival and early growth after TP Shallow transplanting at 1-2 cm depth Optimum plant-to-plant spacing: 20 x 20 cm to 25 x 25 cm Optimum number of seedlings: 1-2 / hill Transplanting : Critical Factors Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  12. Manual Transplanting : Constraints • Tedious & labor intensive, > 30 PD ha-1 • Drudgery & back problem • Difficult to find labor to plant on time • Poor plant population due to contract TPon area basis Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  13. Wet-bed nursery • Germinated seeds are sown on a raised seedbed • Seedlings are ready for transplanting in 18 to 20 days after sowing Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  14. Required seed & seedbed area: 50 kg seed & 400 m2 seedbed area for TP one ha of main field Start of seedbed preparation: 2 weeks before planting time Pre-germination of seeds: 2 days before sowing: 24 h soaking & 24 h incubation Water the seedbed: 2-3 DAS and then maintain a water level of 1-2 cm, depending on the height of seedlings Seedlings are ready for TP from 20-25 DAS Wet-bed nursery Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  15. Raising wet-bed seedlings • Labor needed is for pulling, transporting, and distributing wetbed seedlings in the field for transplanting Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  16. Dry-bed Rice Nursery

  17. Compute the seed & seedbed area: 50 kg seed & 400 m2 seedbed area for TP one ha of main field Start of seedbed preparation: 2 weeks before planting time Seed priming: weigh required quantity of clean seed, soak for 24 h and then dry in the shade. Primed seed is reported to germinate faster than fresh dry seed Water the seedbed: water periodically as seedlings emerge & grow. Regulate the water supply, if necessary, to control the rate of seedling growth Seedling are ready from 25-30 DAS Dry-bed nursery Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  18. Dapog (Mat) Nursery • Germinated seeds are sown in raised seedbed lined with plastic sheet or banana leaves • Seeds are not in contact with the soil. It must be watered regularly • Seedlings are ready for transplanting in 9-12 days after sowing

  19. Less labor need Shorter period of raising seedlings Easy transport of seedling-mats to main field Preferred for mechanical transplanting Select a level area near the household and/or a water source Dapog (Mat) Nursery Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  20. Raising dapog seedlings • Dapog seedlings are not pulled, instead they are rolled like mat Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  21.  Chinese planter  Japanese planter

  22. Modified Mat Nursery • Germinated seeds are sown on a layer of soil mix, which is placed on firm surface such as plastic • Seedlings are ready for planting within 15-20 days after sowing

  23. Desirable seedbed site • Near a water source • With good drainage • Far from fields infected from tungro and other diseases • Away from light source • Protected from rats, birds and snails • Not shaded Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  24. Summary of Nursery Types Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  25. Desirable characteristics of the seedbed • Soil is soft and loose • Weeds and other plant residues thoroughly incorporated and decomposed • Well drained • Level Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  26. Seed Preparation

  27. Soaking • Wash seeds before and after soaking • Soak seeds in clean water for 12-24 hours • Change soaking water every 5-6 hours Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  28. Incubation • Incubate seeds at 30oC for 24-36 hours or until the root emerges • Keep seeds moist and aerated Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  29. Preparing wet-bed seedbed • Prepare seedbeds a day before sowing • Incorporate on the upper layer before leveling 10-15 bags of organic materials or 3-4 bags organic fertilizer for every 400 m2 seedbed area (for fine textured soil) Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  30. Sowing • Sow seeds when the roots are starting to come out • Sow uniformly 38-50 g seed/m2 for F1 cultivation, 50 g/m2 for seed production, and 100 g/m2 for commercial production Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  31. Care of Seedlings • Keep the soil saturated within 5-7 days after sowing • Gradually increase water level to 1-2 cm • Apply 5-10 g 14-14-14 or 16-20-0 /m2 if nutrient deficiency symptoms are observed Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  32. Crop Establishment: Transplanting • Transplant 20-25 day old seedlings 2-3 cm deep • Use hill spacing of 20 x 20 cm • Use 1-2 seedlings/hill for F1 cultivation/seed production or 2-3 seedlings/hill for commercial production • Replant within 7 DAT Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  33. Sufficient number of healthy seedlings Transplanted Rice. After replanting missing hills within 7 DAT, assess the hill density and health status of seedlings at 10 DAT. Randomly select 3 sampling locations at least 1 m from the levee and in a diagonal line across the field. Count the hills from each location using a 1 m x 1 m quadrat. Add the counts and divide by 3 to get the average. There should be at least 25 hills/m2. at least 1 m away from levee In every parcel, randomly select 10 hills, Each hill should have at least 1 healthy seedling. A healthy seedling is green, with good growth and free from pest and disease.

  34. Methods of Direct Wet Seeding • Broadcast seeding • Widely used, easy and fast • Difficult to employ manual or mechanical weeding • Row Seeding • Not common • Better control of seed rate • Facilitates manual or mechanical weeding Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  35. Faster and easier crop establishment Less labor need (1-2 vs. 25-30 PD for TP) Earlier crop maturity by 7-10 days More efficient water use & higher tolerance to water stress Reduced cost: US$ 60-80 per ha Direct Seeding : Benefits Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  36. Direct Seeding Requirements • Good LP & leveling • Furrows to drain water (WDS) • Saturated soil (WDS) & moist soil (DDS) for first 7-10 days • Varieties: early seedling vigor, fast canopy dev., non-lodging • Quality seed (clean,pure and viable) evenly distributed • Effective weed and pest control: cultural, mechanical, herbicides Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  37. Well-prepared and leveled fields for direct seeding Level field for DDS Level field for WDS

  38. Row Seeding with Drum Seeder • A convenient way of direct seeding a rice crop • An alternative to farmers who want to use manual or mechanical weeding and reduce use of herbicides Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  39. Seed hoppers Seed holes Drum seeder

  40. WDS: Drum seeding in rows  • Pre-germinated seed • Seed rate: 40-80 kg ha-1 • Better plant stand   

  41. Sufficient number of healthy seedlings Direct Wet-Seeded Rice. At 15 DAS, plant density should be at least 150 plants/m2 for a seedling rate of 40 kg/ha or at least 300 plants/m2 for a seeding rate of 80 kg/ha. To assess plant density, use a 0.5 m x 0.5 m quadrat (0.25 m2). Randomly select 3 sampling sites at least 1 m from the levee and in a diagonal line across the field. Count the plants from each quadrat and get the average. Compute for the number of plants/m2 by using the formula: Average number of plants 0.25 m2 Number of plants/m2 =

  42. Establishment by dry seeding Seed is sown into a field with dry or moist soil Row seeding with a mechanical seeder Seeds are broadcast Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  43. Rice Nursery: Some Calculations 1. What is the area per ha? 100m x 100m = 10,000 m2 2. How many hills per ha ?(at 20 x 20 cm spacing) 10,000 / (0.2 x 0.2) = 250,000 hills per ha 3. How many seedlings per ha? (at 4 per hill) 250,000 x 4 = 1,000,000 Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

  44. Rice Nursery: Some Calculations 4. How many seeds you need per ha? 1,000,000 seeds per ha 5. What is the weight of 1000 seeds? Range: 20-30 gMean : 25 g 6. How much seed you need to plant one ha? (1,000,000/1000) x (25/1000) = 25 kg

  45. Rice Nursery: Some Calculations Range: 50 to 90%Mean : 70% 7. What is the % germination for rice seed? 8. At 70% germination, how much seed you need per ha? Seed: 25 kg/0.7 = 36 kg Range: 50-90%Mean : 70% 9. What % of seedlings survive in wet-bed nursery? 10. Finally how much seed you need for wet-bed nursery to plant one ha? Seed rate: 25kg/(0.7 x 0.7) = 51 kg per ha

  46. Subject Matter Specialists • Engr. Eugenio C. Castro, IRRI • Dr. Manuel Jose Regalado, PhilRice An Interagency collaborative effort in support to the DA’s Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan

  47. End of presentation

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