Chapter 25 - Urbanization

1. Chapter 25 - Urbanization • Churches grew within the country • Protestant teachings were traditional and conservative • Symbolic struggle between good and evil • “Gospel of Wealth” = God allowed the wealthy to prosper • Urban population posed a challenge to the entity of the church • Approach to life through church and doctrine seemed irrelevant • Emphasis on materialism • Money was measure of achievement

2. Religion within the city • Catholic and Jewish faiths prospered from influx of immigration • Catholicism becomes the leading denomination…WHY? • Religions with liberal values prevailed to the population. (Modern life & labor movement) • Variety in religion was favored

3. Disruption in the Church/Traditional vs. Modern • Books were published about modern trends within religion • On the Origin of Species, written by Charles Darwin • Theory of evolution surfaced in 1859, “survival of the fittest” • Cast doubt on the literal interpretation of the bible

4. Traditional vs. Modern • Fundamentalism vs. Modernism • Education reveled from tax-supported schools • Elementary level schooling • Private academies post- Civil War were common • Literacy rates increase • Literal interpretation vs. Scientific Theory • Free government cannot function if hindered by ignorance • Halt on child labor • Tax supported secondary education emerges • Cities provided better educational facilities as opposed to small town one room schools

5. African American prosperity • South lagged behind the urban cities in public education • 44% of nonwhites were illiterate in 1900 • Booker T. Washington, paid for his own schooling and helped others gain education • Education meant self-respect and economic security • “Accomodationist” – self-help approach to America’s racial problems

6. Washington avoided “social equality” issue • Digressed to segregation in order to capitalize off of economic and educational resources • Washington founded Tuskegee Institute which taught blacks agricultural skills and trade • George Washington Carver eventually teaches at T.I. • W.E.B. Du Bois : demanded complete equality for blacks (social, economic, etc.) • Founded the NAACP in 1910 • W.E.B. rejected Washington’s ideals of gradual progression and separatism

7. Growth of Education • By 1900, 1 out of 4 graduates were women • Morrill Act of 1862 provided land grants to states that support education • “Land Grant Universities” become known as “State Universities” • Hatch Act of 1887 provided federal funds for agricultural experiment stations in connection with land-grant colleges (i.e. Texas A&M) WHAT OTHER WAYS DID COLLEGES GET MONEY?

8. Education • Increase in professional and technical schools *This time in history signifies the revolution of the educational system* • People in America no longer have to go abroad to receive a prestigious education • Medical schools and specialized training are available • Ph.D. and post secondary education emerge

9. Medicine and Science • Sales of patent medicines are surfacing • Scientific gains are evident in the improvement of public health • Personal hygiene becomes an important part of daily life, not just a fashion statement • Health precautions are taken seriously • Increase in life expectancy

10. Social Sciences • Modern disciplines of psychology and philosophy are explored • Pragmatism- philosophical movement promoting a theory that truth be tested by practical consequences of ideas through action • It’s not enough to believe the truth. The truth must be tested and determined

11. Improvement on Society • Public libraries are built and stocked with books of various disciplines • Library of Congress built in 1897 • By 1900, 9000 public libraries were established through the country with at least 300 books in each • Linotype invented in 1885

12. Newspapers, Advertising & more • The birth of the editorial and newspapers • Fear of offending subscribers and advertising lead to feature articles which are less controversial • Thirst for news becomes a larger market through the increase in literacy rates and immigration • Headlines fill with human-interest stories • “Yellow Journalism”

13. Prominent figures • Horatio Alger – fictional author • Horace Greeley – journalist • Andrew Carnegie – philanthropist • William James – established the modern discipline of behavioral psychology • Joseph Pulitzer – journalism tycoon • William Randolph Hearst – “the scoop” • Henry George – author on maldistribution of wealth • Walt Whitman - poet

14. Walt Whitman O CAPTAIN! my Captain! our fearful trip is done;The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is won;The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring:But O heart! heart! heart!O the bleeding drops of red,Where on the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;Rise up--for you the flag is flung--for you the bugle trills; 10For you bouquets and ribbon'd wreaths--for you the shores a-crowding;For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;Here Captain! dear father!This arm beneath your head;It is some dream that on the deck,You've fallen cold and dead.My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still;My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will;The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done;From fearful trip, the victor ship, comes in with object won; 20Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells!But I, with mournful tread,Walk the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.

15. Emily Dickinson 1886 How dreary to be somebody! How public, like a frog To tell your name the livelong June To and admiring bog!

16. Kate Chopin (1851-1904) • The Awakening • Wrote about suicide, adultery, and women’s ambitions Mark Twain (1835-1910) • The Gilded Age • Post-War politics and speculators • Name to an era • Typified a new breed of American authors revolting against elegant refinements NAME SOME OF TWAIN’S OTHER WORKS