Chapter 10: Water: Process, Supply, & Use

1. Chapter 10: Water: Process, Supply, & Use

2. Water cycle - fig p 304 • water moves through the system • ocean • atmosphere • precipitation • land • glaciers • lakes • streams • distribution & residence time - table p 305

3. Surface Water • watershed - drainage basin • supply factors • geology • basin shape, relief, slope, efficiency • orientation to storms • precipitation - type, intensity, duration, annual variation • vegetation (trees, grass, crops, none) • animals • groundwater flow

4. Surface Water • Sediment yield • geology • topography • climate • vegetation • land-use

5. Groundwater • What is the source of groundwater? • recharge • precipitation (ultimate source • influent -losing stream

6. fig p 309 & 310 zone of aeration vadose/unsaturated zone capillary fringe water table zone of saturation classification of units aquifer unconfined confined perched artesian aquitard/aquiclude groundwater distribution

7. groundwater discharge • effluent/gaining stream - base flow • spring • well

8. groundwater flow • Darcy’s law Q=KiA • K = hydraulic conductivity - table p 312 • permeability • porosity • i = hydraulic gradient = h/l • h • difference in water table elevation • water flows from hi pressure to low pressure • l = distance between wells • A = x-sectional area • rate of flow - cm/day (at best • residence time

9. wells • fig p 311 • cone of depression • artesian • yield • mining

10. groundwater-surface water interaction • gaining and losing streams - fig p 310, 315 • springs • karst • sinkholes • disappearing streams

11. Water supply • Water budget • Input (rain\run on • output • runoff • withdrawal • subsurface flow • evaporation • transpiration • flood vs drought

12. in-stream use • surface water • types - graph p 320 • navigation • power • habitat • recreation

13. off-stream • GW and surface • consumptive and sewage • types • agricultural • residential - (inc. drinking) • industrial & commercial • municipal • out of basin

14. use trends - fig p 322 • agriculture - #1 (decreasing) • electric power generation - #2 (decreasing) • residential (increasing) • commercial & industrial (decreasing)

15. water management • supply vs demand • volume over time • overdraft - fig p 313 • develop supplies • wells • reservoirs • aquaducts - fig p 320 • reallocation of use • conservation • increase efficiency of use • recycling • reuse of waste water

16. surface water rights • riparian • adjacent landowner • goes with property • east of Miss • prior appropriation • volume per year • separate from other property rights • west of Miss

17. groundwater rights • absolute ownership (pump at will) • reasonable use • correlative rights • all owners = • safe yield is divided • prior appropriation

18. Chapter 11: Water Pollution

19. Water pollution • Degradation of water quality • biological • chemical • physical

20. Pollutants • Biochemical oxygen demand • mg/1 of O2 consumed over 5 days at 20degrees C • agricultural runoff - nutrient • sewage • pathogenic organisms • human disease - cholera and typhoid • Fecal coliform bacteria • threshold 200 cells/100 ml water

21. Pollutants • nutrients • phosphorous • nitrogen (blue baby syndrome) • oil • toxic substances • hazardous chemicals • organics • pesticides • PCB’s & dioxins • heavy metals • radioactive material • sediment • thermal

22. pollutant migration • source • route • target

23. Surface water pollution • sources • Point sources • sewage • industrial • Non-point sources • farms - nutrients & seds • mines - acid & seds • state • Dissolved - short residence time • Sediment borne - long residence time • event - long term vs single event

24. migration routes direct washed in seepage from banks fate deposited diluted consumed evaporate effected targets water supplies environmental treatment eliminate source excavate sediment treat water Surface water pollution

25. table p 344 point sources LUST landfills septic systems feedlots and ag injection wells non-point ag Groundwater pollution - sources

26. groundwater pollution • Migration • route • down gradient • down hill • fate • dissolves and disperses • LNAPLS - floats • DNAPLES - sinks • vaporizes • attaches to earth materials • effected targets • wells • surface water

27. site characterization geology and hydrology contaminates targets risk assessment isolation corrective action remove source clean (impossible?)- table p 347 GW extraction - smearing wells/trenches vapor extraction sparging bioremediation treatment beds groundwater treatment

28. Saltwater intrusion • fig p 347 • near coast • desalinization (expensive)

29. water quality standards • fig p 348 • set by government • science • politics

30. Wastewater treatment • Septic tank sewage disposal • Geologic factors • type of soil composition, permeability • depth to water table and seasonal variation • depth to bed rock • topography • municipal - fig p 351 • objectives • convert organic matter to stable form • reduce volume of sludge • destroy/control harmful bugs • produce usable by-products • alternatives • wetland • renovation - fig p 353

31. Chapter 12: Mineral Resources

32. Unique characteristics of mineral resources • non-renewable (on human scale • produced by very slow processes • easily depleted • often occur in small localized bodies • easy to find and exploit • hard to find and exploit • Geographic location - not evenly distributed

33. Uses of mineral resources • table p 359 • metal production - abundant and scarce • building materials • chemical industry • agriculture • necessary for life (ie. NaCl)

34. Resources and reserves • fig p 361 • potentially useful materials • identified • useable • legally retrievable • economically viable • decreasing supplies º increased value º improves economic viability

35. Consumption • fig p 362 • rapid • slower • with conservation • with recycling

36. Geology of Mineral Resources • ore - economically useful concentration of metallic minerals • concentration factors - table p 365 • examples - table p 365

37. Igneous processes • kimberlite - fig p 366 • layered intrusions • pegmatites - late stage solutions • hydrothermal - fig p 366 • dissolves minerals & moves them to a new location • veins • cavity filling • replacement

38. Metamorphism • contact - fig p 366 • regional

39. effect of plate tectonics • p 370-371

40. Sedimentary processes • sand and gravel deposits • ore and mineral deposits • placers - streams and beaches - fig p 368 • evaporates - fig p 367 • salt domes • gypsum • CaCO2 • brines • banded iron deposits

41. Biological processes • calcium shells • phosphate • bones • guano

42. Weathering - fig p 369 • residual minerals from rock body (ie bauxite • residual ore deposit • secondary enrichment of ore bodies

43. From Sea • Sea water • salts • magnesium • Deep ocean floor • ocean ridges • black smokers • sulfides • manganese oxide nodules • Mn 24%, Fe 14%, Cu 1%, Ni 1%, Co 25% • mm to cm in diameter • 1 to 5mm/million yrs

44. Environmental impact • exploration - small • development – large • mining effects • refining • slag - refining waste

45. mining effects • surface vs underground • topographic changes • aesthetic • sediment • groundwater and surface water pollution • leachate & acid runoff • air quality • biological • social impact • rapid influx of workers • demand on local resources • closure

46. restoration & reclamation • env regulations • biotechnology • bioleaching • water treatment - fig p 378 • return site to near original state if possible • high volume extraction - difficult to reclaim • may send slag back to mine • new use for site • landfill • recreation

47. Recycling • reuse of mined materials • extends life of resource

48. Chapter 13: Energy Resources

49. energy consumption • U.S. - fig p 385

50. Coal • coal forming process - fig p 387 • organic material falls into low oxygen environment • burial • Classification - fig p 387 • Lignite • Subbituminous • Bituminous • Anthracite • Sulfur content • low 0-1% • med 1-3% • high >3% • Coal Deposits - fig p 389