C oncept for I onospheric Scintillation Miti ga tion for Professional GNSS in L atin A merica

1. Concept for Ionospheric Scintillation Mitigation for Professional GNSS in Latin America Dr. B. Bougard, Septentrio Satellite Navigation NV. On behalf of the CIGALA consortium The CIGALA project has received Community research funding under the EU Seventh Framework Program, and is carried out in the context of the Galileo FP7 R&D program supervised by the GNSS Supervisory Authority.

2. A FP7 collaborative project between: Leading European manufacturer of high-end multi-frequency GNSS equipment for precise positioning, time transfer and attitude determination applications Key player in GNSS for aviation in Europe with a great knowledge on managing EC and 7th FP International Activities in Latin America Top ranked UK Center of Excellence in GNSS/Galileo Research and Application (GRACE) Most important scientific institution in Italy devoted to studies in geophysics, seismic and volcanic hazards One of the most prominent Brazilian groups in Geodesy and GNSS application areas (GEGE) Brazilian SME providing services and consultancy in the field of Geographic Information Systems, Cartography, and Geodesy. Petrobras, the Brazilian National Oil Company Funded under: Supervised by: (c) CIGALA Consortium

3. Objective : Mitigating IS threat on professional GNSS in Latin America “When the solar winds come around, you’d better hang onto your GNSS receiver, not your hat. ”J. Kunches, US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (c) CIGALA Consortium

4. Outline • The CIGALA project • Objective • Motivation • The CIGALA activities • Scintillation Modelling • Measurement Campaign • Mitigation development • Septentrio Scintillation monitor • First Results • Septentrio Scintillation monitor validation • Scintillation climatology in Sao Paulo State, Brazil (c) CIGALA Consortium

5. GNSS Satellite Plasma perturbations TEC impact v Ionosphere signal fluctuations GNSS Receiver IS directly affects GNSS operations • Increased reliance on GNSS, especially by countries with large territorial coverage • Annual global market for GNSS of €300bn by 2020 • high resolution land surveying can be delayed • airborne and marine operations postponed • offshore drilling/production operations cancelled • SBAS impacted for long periods of time • Consequences • User disappointment and financial loss • Threat for adoption of Galileo and EGNOS Safety-critical applications Precise positioning (c) CIGALA Consortium

6. The CIGALA Project Objective:Understand the cause and implication of IS disturbances at low latitudes, model their effects and develop countermeasure techniques through: • The focus on one of the regions most affect by IS (Brazil) • The research of the underlying causes of IS and the development of state-of-the-art models capable of predicting signal propagation and tracking perturbations • Field measurement via the deployment in close collaboration with local academic and industrial partners of multi-frequency multi-constellation Galileo-capable measurement station to collect data in order to support model development • The design and implementation of novel IS mitigation techniquesin state-of-the-art GNSS receivers • Field testing the mitigation techniques, leveraging the same partnership as during the measurement campaign. (c) CIGALA Consortium

7. CIGALA targets one of the most critical regions • Large countries such as Brazil take full advantage from GNSS for navigation and high precision DGPS, RTK and PPP applications (surveying, precision agriculture, …) • Equatorial region one of the most affected • Latin America badly hit in the past • CIGALA fosters strong local partnership in Latin America • In particular in Brazil • Addresses both commercialand academic participation Credit: NASA (c) CIGALA Consortium

8. What CIGALA will bring • Model development and model improvement • Scintillation Modeling • Analytical Models (e.g. Fremouw and Rino, Iyer et al, Aarons) • Climatological models: WAM (Wernik – Alfonsi – Materassi) model • Disadvantages/inadequacy of analytical models • Strongly reliable only over the region of the stations providing the input data • Limitations of climatological models (such as WBMOD and GISM) • Strongly reliable on global scale less useful on regional scale • The way forward: synergy between WAM and analytical models • Use of in-situ satellite measurements to feed WAM • Use of ground-based stations data to feed analytical model • Match both the outputs to have information on IS at global and regional scale (c) CIGALA Consortium

9. What CIGALA will bring • Measurement campaign • To feed the proposed improvements in scintillation and receiver tracking models, CIGALA will deploy a data collection system in Brazil • Six measurement stations will be deployed • Episodic campaigns to account for different applications • Including experiments involving real off-shore operationsin liaison with Petrobras • Stations re-occupied for validationof new algorithms in iterativeprocess (c) CIGALA Consortium

10. What CIGALA will bring • The measurement stations • Septentrio latest Ax3 all signals, all constellations OEM receiver • Best-in-class phase noise based on state-of-the-art OCXO • Up to 100Hz signal phase and intensity output for all satellites • Rugged waterproof housing with RS232, USB, Ethernet interface and internal logging • Specific GUI and logging tool for TEC and scintillation indices monitoring (c) CIGALA Consortium

11. What CIGALA will bring • Understand of Impact on receiver and Development of Mitigation • Moderate levels of scintillation introduce errors in GNSS positioning • These can be dealt with by suitable error modelling algorithms • Severe scintillation however may lead to LoL • RAIM techniques to exclude affected SV from solution • Advanced tracking techniques to minimize LoL probability (c) CIGALA Consortium

12. First Results: CIGALA monitor validation Spirent – no scintillation Spirent – synthetic scintillation (Cornell model) GSV PxS vs. GSV (phi60) LockTime PolaRxS PxS vs. GSV (S4) LockTime (c) CIGALA Consortium

13. First Results: Scintillation climatology at PP • 22.12ºS, 51.41ºW • SCINTMON receiver (L1) • Jan 1st, 2009 to Oct 31st, 2009 • 0900–2100 UT (LT=UT-3) Thr=0.25 Thr=0.1 (c) CIGALA Consortium

14. First Results: Scintillation climatology at PP Thr=0.25 • 22.12ºS, 51.41ºW • SCINTMON receiver (L1) • Jan 1st, 2009 to Oct 31st, 2009 • 0900–2100 UT (LT=UT-3) Thr=0.1 (c) CIGALA Consortium

15. Conclusion • The CIGALA project aims at mitigating the fundamental threat that IS constitutes for professional GNSS applications in Latin American market. • L.A. market comes in 6th position in total GNSS revenue with a potential for 25bEUR from 2015 on. • L. A. ranks as 5th largest addressable market for hydrographic and land surveying applications with a share comparable to North America • L.A. belongs to the top-3 in amount of offshore rig, an important consumer of GNSS solutions. • Knowledge and IP that the project will generate, will provide Europe with a strong competitive advantage in that market. • Septentrio is expecting to leverage CIGALA technical results in its products (c) CIGALA Consortium

16. Thank you! Project contact: bruno.bougard@septentrio.com (c) CIGALA Consortium

17. Backup (c) CIGALA Consortium

18. CIGALA is timely • IS effects exacerbate at high solar activity • Galileo Full Operational Capability (FOC) planned for same period of time • Galileo in principle vulnerable to IS (same frequency band as GPS), but receivers not yet tested • If Galileo signal proven superior, it would be a great asset for usage in Latin America. • No robust receiver yet in the market • Efforts to make Galileo and EGNOS accepted/adopted in Latin America at initial stage (c) CIGALA Consortium

19. What CIGALA will bring • Model development and model improvement • State of the art for GNSS relies mainly on GPS L1, L2(P) signals and receivers • What about L2C, L5? • How Galileo signals are affected by IS? • Modeling IS essential to develop counter-measures GPS scintillation event associated with sudden TEC changes (Brazilian receiver) Kintner and Ledvina, ASR (35)2005, 788-811 (c) CIGALA Consortium

20. What CIGALA will bring • Measurement sites • Presidente Prudente • Macae (Petrobras) • Porto Alegre • San Jose dos Campos • Palmas • Manaus The aim is to ensure a significant sampling of data representing the real conditions of the ionosphere and scintillation occurrence Experimental data will be complemented by simulated data from a state-of-the-art Spirent signal simulator and field data from the past solar maximum (c) CIGALA Consortium

21. CIGALA monitor is based on Septentrio latest multi-frequency OEM receiver (AsteRx3) • Multi-frequency • L1, L2, L5, E5a/b/AltBoc • Multi-constellation • GPS, GLO, GAL (all signals) • SBAS • 136 Channels • Up to 100Hz meas. • Robust, highly customizable tracking (Lock+) • APME for multi-path mitigation • Raw data output (code and phase, signal intensity) • 10MHz ref in/out, xPPS • Easy to integrate • Multiple interfaces (RS232, USB, Ethernet) • Compact form factor • 2.8W Power Consumption • Compact and detailed Septentrio Binary Format output (SBF) (c) CIGALA Consortium

22. Backward compatible ISMR file format • One record per minute and per satellite • Includes TEC, S4, CCD, Phixx, scintillation indices and spectral slope • Includes GLONASS and Galileo • Includes L2 and L5 frequency bands 1462,540300, 11,00000074, 27,15,48.2, 0.029, 0.000, 0.017, 0.023, 0.028, 0.028, 0.028, 2.397, 0.071, 18.811, 0.042, 18.830, 0.044, 18.782, 0.055, 19.934, 0.033, 3581,0, 3578,37.5, 0.8 1462,540300, 10,00000074,232,29,48.2, 0.049, 0.030, 0.026, 0.032, 0.036, 0.036, 0.036, -3.606, 0.066, 13.851,-0.031, 14.099,-0.026, 14.384,-0.021, 14.061,-0.032, 4210,0, 4202,37.6, 1.5 1462,540300, 23,00000074,232,68,48.2, 0.039, 0.007, 0.023, 0.029, 0.033, 0.033, 0.034, -5.799, 0.073, 7.283, 0.004, 5.559,-0.003, 7.273, 0.013, 5.864,-0.006,11894,0,11888,37.6, 1.3 1462,540300, 17,00000074,152,15,48.2, 0.039, 0.006, 0.020, 0.026, 0.030, 0.030, 0.031, -1.774, 0.056, 18.259, 0.010, 19.839, 0.014, 19.230, 0.006, 19.458, 0.006,22381,0,22376,37.7, 1.1 1462,540300, 1,00000074,344,23,48.2, 0.030, 0.000, 0.018, 0.024, 0.029, 0.029, 0.029, -2.851, 0.061, 16.669,-0.041, 17.002,-0.032, 16.412,-0.035, 17.973,-0.036, 3761,0, 3752,37.5, 0.9 1462,540300, 2,00000074, 17,45,48.2, 0.041, 0.012, 0.019, 0.025, 0.030, 0.030, 0.030, -1.537, 0.168, 10.215,-0.019, 10.976,-0.024, 10.329,-0.014, 10.548,-0.021, 2981,0, 2977,37.6, 1.1 1462,540300, 15,00000074, 85,37,48.2, 0.029, 0.000, 0.017, 0.023, 0.028, 0.029, 0.029, -4.356, 0.062, 9.643, 0.008, 10.691, 0.002, 10.748,-0.002, 11.128, 0.007,29080,0,29072,37.7, 0.9 1462,540300, 24,00000074,170,47,48.2, 0.029, 0.000, 0.016, 0.022, 0.028, 0.028, 0.028, -5.024, 0.053, 8.872, 0.012, 8.882, 0.023, 9.082, 0.023, 9.253, 0.024,17000,0,16994,37.7, 0.8 1462,540300, 8,00000074,308,16,48.2, 0.031, 0.000, 0.017, 0.023, 0.029, 0.029, 0.029, -1.904, 0.054, 17.773,-0.001, 19.134,-0.002, 17.611, 0.006, 18.916, 0.002,10137,0,10130,37.6, 0.9 1462,540360, 11,00000074, 27,15,48.0, 0.028, 0.000, 0.016, 0.022, 0.028, 0.029, 0.030, 2.446, 0.048, 18.906, 0.060, 18.744, 0.038, 19.020, 0.052, 18.954, 0.049, 3641,0, 3638,37.6, 0.8 1462,540360, 10,00000074,232,30,48.0, 0.045, 0.022, 0.019, 0.024, 0.030, 0.031, 0.031, -3.654, 0.047, 14.184,-0.022, 13.899,-0.027, 13.575,-0.021, 14.460,-0.017, 4270,0, 4262,37.6, 1.4 1462,540360, 23,00000074,231,68,48.0, 0.039, 0.000, 0.018, 0.023, 0.029, 0.031, 0.031, -5.799, 0.074, 6.616, 0.005, 7.006, 0.003, 6.473, 0.005, 8.339, 0.010,11954,0,11948,37.7, 1.2 1462,540360, 17,00000074,152,15,48.0, 0.037, 0.000, 0.017, 0.022, 0.028, 0.030, 0.030, -1.734, 0.073, 17.887, 0.019, 19.591, 0.008, 19.468, 0.007, 18.697, 0.012,22441,0,22436,37.7, 1.0 1462,540360, 1,00000074,344,23,48.0, 0.030, 0.000, 0.017, 0.022, 0.029, 0.030, 0.030, -2.863, 0.055, 15.289,-0.029, 15.365,-0.043, 15.641,-0.035, 15.774,-0.034, 3821,0, 3812,37.6, 0.8 1462,540360, 2,00000074, 17,45,48.0, 0.042, 0.014, 0.019, 0.024, 0.030, 0.032, 0.032, -1.521, 0.059, 9.843,-0.012, 8.758,-0.018, 9.605,-0.017, 9.615,-0.015, 3041,0, 3037,37.6, 1.2 1462,540360, 15,00000074, 85,37,48.0, 0.029, 0.000, 0.016, 0.022, 0.028, 0.029, 0.030, -4.354, 0.052, 11.167, 0.007, 11.852,-0.000, 12.414, 0.010, 10.929, 0.006,29140,0,29132,37.7, 0.8 1462,540360, 24,00000074,170,46,48.0, 0.030, 0.000, 0.017, 0.022, 0.028, 0.029, 0.030, -5.017, 0.062, 10.205, 0.017, 9.482, 0.025, 8.596, 0.017, 9.205, 0.026,17060,0,17054,37.7, 0.9 1462,540360, 8,00000074,309,16,48.0, 0.032, 0.000, 0.018, 0.022, 0.028, 0.030, 0.030, -1.926, 0.069, 17.764, 0.004, 18.354, 0.001, 17.802, 0.002, 19.268, 0.002,10197,0,10190,37.6, 0.9 (c) CIGALA Consortium

23. What CIGALA will bring • The data repository (c) CIGALA Consortium