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Morphemes. No.8. A. Definition of Morpheme. A morpheme is a short segment of language that meets three criteria :. 1) It is a word or a part of a word that has meaning. 2) It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of its meaning or without meaningless
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Morphemes No.8
A. Definition of Morpheme A morpheme is a short segment of language that meets three criteria: 1)It is a word or a part of a word that has meaning. 2)Itcannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of its meaning or without meaningless remainders. 3)Itrecurs in differing verbal environments with a relatively stable meaning. e.g. The word straight
e.g. 1-it isaword and can be found listed inany dictionary. 2-cannotbe divided withoutviolation ofmeaning. 3-straight recurs with arelatively stablemeaning,straighten- a straight line.
B.Free andBound Morphemes A free morpheme is one that can be utteredalone with meaning. For instance , Eat A bound morpheme, unlike the free, cannot be uttered alone with meaning. e.g. ante-,re-
C.Bases Another classification of morphemes puts them into two classes: Basesand affixes. 1)A base morpheme is the part of a wordthat has principal meaning :denial,lovable.Bases are very numerous and most ofthem are free morphemes; but somearebound , like- sent in consent. Aword maycontain one base and several affixes. e.g. Readability
Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary: 1):{phot - , photo - (light) ; xer - , xero - (dry); bi-, bio - (life) ; mis -, miso - (hate) ; ge-, geo-(earth); biblio- (book); - meter (measure) ; tele -, tel - (distant) ; - Phil ,- phile(lover) ; - logy science or study of}
D . Difficultiesin Morphemic Analysis 1)The first difficulty is that you have your own individual stock of morphemes. For example, Tom may think of automobile as ,one morpheme meaning “car", whereas Dick may know the morphemes auto(self)and mobile(moving), and recognize them in other words like autographs
D.Difficultiesin Morphemic Analysis 2)Thesecond difficulty is that persons may know a given morphemebut differ in the degree to which theyare aware of its presence in various words. e.g. Agentive suffix (spelled –er, -or, -ar) meaning” one who, that which," andrecognize it in words like singer and actor but what about in professor and sweater.
D.Difficultiesin Morphemic Analysis 3)Anotherproblem results from thefact thatmetaphors die as language changes. e.g. Morpheme–prehend–In apprehend(=to arrest or seize)
E.Affixes An affix is a boundmorpheme thatoccurs before or within orafter a base. There are three kinds,: 1-prefixes,2-infixes,3-suffixes. 1)Prefixesarethose bound morphemesthatoccur before a base, as in import,prefix, reconsider. Prefixes in Englishare a smallclass.
E.Affixes 2)Infixes are bound morphemesthathave been insertedwithin a word. In Englishthese arerare. Occasionally they are additions within aword, But infixes in Englishare mostcommonly replacements,not additions. They occur in a few noun plurlas, like the-ee- in geese, replacing the–oo-of goose.
E.Affixes 3)Suffixes are bound morphemes that occur after a base, likeshrinkage, failure. Suffixes may pile up to the number orthree or four , whereasprefixes arecommonly single, except for the negative un-before another prefix. e.g. normalizers
F.InflectionalAffixes The inflectional affixes can be schematized as follows:
F.InflectionalAffixes Thewords to which these affixes are attached are called stems .The stem includes the base or bases and all the derivational affixes. playboys is playboy and that ofbeautified is beautify. The inflectional suffixes differ from the derivational suffixes in the followingways: 1-Theydo not change the part of speech. Example: cold , colder(bothadjectives)
F.InflectionalAffixes 2-Theycome last in a word. Examples:shortened. 3-Theygo with all stems of a given part ofspeech. Examples:He eats , drinks. 4-Theydo not pile up; only one ends aword. Examples:working.
G.DerivationalSuffixes The characteristics of derivational suffixes: 1.The words with which derivationalsuffixescombine is an arbitrary matter. Tomake anoun from the verb adorn we must add ment.- Exercise 8-13
G.DerivationalSuffixes 2.Inmany cases, but not all, aderivationalsuffix changes the part of speechof theword to which it is added. The nounactbecomes anadjective by the addition of –ive. Exercise 8-14
G.DerivationalSuffixes 3.Derivational suffixes usually donot closeoff aword: that is, after a derivational suffix one can sometimes add anotherderivational suffix. Exercise 8-15
G.DerivationalSuffixes The derivational paradigm is a set ofrelated words composed of the same base morpheme andall the derivational affixes that can go with this base. Example:man,manly,mannish,manful. Exercise 8-17
H.Suffixal Homophones 1-Theinflectional morpheme {-ER cp}hastwohomophones. a.The first is the derivational suffix{-ER n},which is attached toverbs toform nouns like hunter, fisher. b.Thesecond derivational–er morphemeappears at the end of words like chatter, mutter. This{-ER rp}coveys the meaning ofrepetition.
H.Suffixal Homophones 2-Theverbal inflectional suffix{-ING vb}hastwo homophones in–ing. a.The first one is the nominal derivational suffix{-ING nm},which is found in wordslike meetings, weddings. b.Thesecond homophone of{-ING vb} is theadjectival morpheme{-ING aj},as in acharming woman. Theverbal{-ING vb}canusually occur afteras well as before the noun it modifies ,e.g., I saw a burning house.
H.Suffixal Homophones 3) The verbal inflectional{-D} has 1 homophones a)inthe adjectival derivational{-D aj},asin: Helen was excited about her new job. b.The verbal {-D pp}does not accept such modifiers. Exercise 8-20
H.Suffixal Homophones 4) a.The adverbial derivationalsuffix{-LY av}is added to mostadjectives to formadverbs of manner,as in rich,richly. b.Derivationalsuffix{-LY aj}anadjectival morpheme . Examples:love,lovely.
