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Chapter 10. Review and Discussion. Invasions of Europe, 700–1000. More invaders Northmen: Norwegians, Swedes and Dane and Magyars. The Early Middle Ages. Rome Disappears Trade Slows Towns Empty Learning Ceases. Western Europe from 500 until 800 C.E. Roman law
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Chapter 10 Review and Discussion
Invasions of Europe, 700–1000 More invaders Northmen: Norwegians, Swedes and Dane and Magyars.
The Early Middle Ages • Rome Disappears • Trade Slows • Towns Empty • Learning Ceases
Western Europe from 500 until 800 C.E. • Roman law • was replaced with laws practiced by Germanic peoples. • Economy • The economy was transformed as cities and urban areas declined. • use of currency as a medium of exchange became far less common. • Germanic decentralization • created a need for local self-sufficiency. • That need helped create the self-contained manor, with its corresponding political, economic, and social organization.
The Feudal System How it began….
How did Feudalism begin? • People joined together to work against common problems. • Problems included: • Foreign invaders (Vikings) • lack of currency • lack of trade • food shortages.
Within the Feudal system… • There were many smaller feudal states • Usually they were located around a castle (a Keep) or church. • Consisted of: • Farmers • Laborers • Craftsmen
The Feudal System Classes • As a self-sufficient state (meaning there was little trade with outsiders), a culture developed within the feudal states. • Four (4) main classes developed: • Lords/Ladies • Lesser Lords (vassals) • Knights • Serfs/Peasants
Feudal System • Need for protection and lack of central government created the feudal system • Under the feudal system, every person had obligations to a superior • Every person had a duty to someone else.
The Lord and Lady • Were rulers of their small feudal state, and gave allegiance to the monarch. • Lived in a castle, which also served as a fortress for that feudal state. • Protected the serfs with their army of knights. • Arranged marriages, and male heirs were desired, since the estate went to the oldest son. • This was not necessarily easy, many children died before the age of 15 due to disease or accidents.
Lesser Lords (Vassals) • Lord divided his larger landholdings among Vassals • In return the Vassals pledged service to the Lord • Agreed to provide the lord with: • 40 days of military service each year • Money • Advice
Knights • Were members of the feudal army. • One job: Protect the state, and the lord and lady in charge of it. • They had many different weapons: • Mace • Morning Star • War Hammer • Battle Ax • Daggers • Lances (used more often in tournaments)
Serfs • Like the middle class here, serfs were the vast majority in the feudal states, but they were poorer. • They were not slaves, but were farmers who owed some of their production to the feudal state. • In return, they received protection from the knights.
Medieval Homes • Most medieval homes were cold, damp, and dark. • For security purposes, windows, when they were present, were very small openings with wooden shutters that were closed at night or in bad weather. • Many peasant families ate, slept, and spent time together in very small quarters, rarely more than one or two rooms.
Charlemagne For a time around 800, Western Europe had unity when the grandson of Martel built an empire reaching across France, Germany, and part of Italy. • The founder is known as Charlemagne or Charles The Great. • Spent most of his time fighting Muslims.
Christmas Day 800 AD • Charlemagne unites most of the Old Roman Empire- • The Pope Leo III shows his gratitude and places a crown on Charlemagne’s head proclaiming him “Emperor” • This revives the idea of their being a “United Christian Community”
Charlemagne: 800 CEThe Father of Europe • Charlemagne tried to create a united Christian Europe. • Try to revived Latin learning in his empire and strived to create a “second Rome.” • Established a central government over Western Europe
Palace school • Though he didn’t know how to read or write… • He starts a Palace School at Aachen (the 2nd Rome) • Alcuin (AL KWIN) of York ran the school Hired scholars to copy ancient manuscripts including the bible. • They learned Latin • Grammar Logic Arithmetic • Geometry Music Astronomy
Then Charlemagne Dies • His son Louis the Pious rules until his death and then the Empire is divided into three parts by the Treaty of Verdun (843). • Muslims claim the “Holy Land” and Mediterranean islands like Corsica and Sicily
But Who Invades From the North? • The Vikings- • Brutal • Ferocious • Would Rape, Destroy, Pillage, Burn, and Loot all villages they came in contact with. • They were not necessarily looking to stay, only to steal, and Map area’s for trade
Eventually • Vikings open Trade Routes that linked northern Europe to Mediterranean lands. • Viking Leif Erickson set up a short lived Viking Colony in North America around the year 1000. • Sorry Mr. Columbus, the Vikings were here first!!!
Timeline • Western Europe secured its borders against invaders and grew economically • 1076- Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV • 1096- Christians launch first crusade • 1215-King John signs the Magna Carta • 1226- Louis IX becomes King of France • 1347- Black Death breaks out in Italy • 1429- Joan of Arc leads French armies against the English • 1492- Spanish complete Reconquista
Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church • King Edward Died- No Heir • William the Conqueror Christmas Day 1066 • Wants to tighten up control firmer for Church, Lords and Himself • Keeps track of all possessions and Property in “THE DOMESDAY BOOK” (Doomsday) • Which Castle you are ruled by • What crops are in your field • Every last pig • How many sons/daughters in a family
The Domesday Book • Is essentially a Tax System
Henry II • Creates a system of Royal Justice • Common Law- law same for “all” people • Jury- Group of men sworn to tell the truth • However there were still abuses of power and the tax system
The Magna Carta • Many Kings in England around the 10th - 12th centuries were abusing their power and highly taxing their nobles. • In 1215 King John angered his nobles so much that they forcibly made John sign a document called the Magna Carta (or Great Charter) • Contained two basic ideas that would shape English govt. • Nobles had certain rights (later this was extended to all citizens) • Made clear that the monarch must obey the law.
Modern Liberties Founded in the Magna Carta • Taxation only with representation • -no unusual taxes accept by agreement of people’s representatives • Right to trial • -trial to be proven guilty by peers • Limits to royal power • English subjects had certain liberties • power was shared between the king and the people’s representatives in the Great Council • Parliament developed into a 2 house body • House of Lords -nobles and clergy • House of Commons -knights and middle class
The Holy Roman Empire and the Church • After Charlemagne’s death Germany became a bunch of states with dukes and counts as their leaders. • One duke later became powerful and became leader of all of Germany.(Duke Otto I of Saxony) • Otto I worked closely with the church. • He helped the church and the pope by crushing rebellions against the church • In 962 a grateful pope crowned Otto Emperor • Other Germans became successors to the title Holy Roman Emperor • Holy- because they were crowned by the Pope • Roman- because they saw themselves as heirs to the emperors of ancient Rome
Conflicts between rulers and Emperors • Many German emperors tried to become more powerful than the pope. • This cause the pope to sometimes send an interdict- a whole community would be excommunicated from the church. • Many rulers gave into this pressure.
Medieval Universities • Called Cathedral Schools- Church buildings were used as schools during non-mass hours • Subjects • Arithmetic • Geometry • Astronomy • Music • Logic • Grammar • Life of a student- • 5 am Prayers • 6 am to 10am School • 10 am Beef and Oatmeal Soup • 11am-5pm school • 5pm- Schools out • Study until Bed
Logic vs Faith…The rivalry • Aristotle= Use Logic to find out the Truth • Church= Use Faith to find out the truth • Others found a way to merge the 2 together It is called “Scholasticism”
How did the development of the Byzantine Empire differ from the development of western Europe? • The Byzantine Empire • was the direct descendant of Roman imperial rule and tradition. • centralized control whereas western European institutions were decentralized. • The Byzantine emperors • exercised caesaropapism, which combined supreme secular and religious power in one person Foreign threats • Byzantium was directly threatened by foreign invaders, especially the Iranian Sasanid Empire (4th to 7th century) and ultimately by Muslim expansion. • The Byzantine Empire shrank steadily until Constantinople itself was captured.
Sum it up:Justinian’s Achievements • Recapture Roman Lands • Architecture • Hagia Sophia • Bridges • Civil Law Code: influenced civil law in the west Procopius: Secret History: Justinian
Byzantine Christianity • Byzantine emperor controlled Church affairs • People rejected pope’s claim to authority over all Christians • Clergy kept right to marry • Greek was language of the Church
Roman Christianity • Pope controlled Church affairs • People accepted pope’s claim to authority over all Christians • Clergy prohibited from marrying • Latin was language of the Church
Christianity in East and West • 1054 – Differences between east and west provoked a schism, or permanent split, between the Eastern (Greek) Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church.
The Crusades (1096-1099) • Muslims conquered the Holy land. (Jerusalem) • Pope Urban II called nobles to action against the Muslims: “ An accursed race… has violently invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by pillage and fire.” After he said this he called for a crusade or Holy war to take back the Holy land.
