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Earthquake Damage and Earth’s Interior

Earthquake Damage and Earth’s Interior. Factors contributing to damage. Duration Intensity Building Design – reinforced/flexible buildings best Materials built on – hard, dense material the best

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Earthquake Damage and Earth’s Interior

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  1. Earthquake Damage and Earth’s Interior

  2. Factors contributing to damage • Duration • Intensity • Building Design – reinforced/flexible buildings best • Materials built on – hard, dense material the best • Liquefaction - when loose sediments are saturated with water, during an earthquake, shaking creates a liquid like material not able to support structure – structure sinks

  3. Tsunamis – sea waves • caused by an earthquake that displaces the ocean floor vertically • water is pushed upwards and toward the land • speeds of 500-950 km/hr • low waves in open water – as wave nears shore water builds upwards • Tsunami warning system – world wide - alerts about danger

  4. Other Dangers • Fires - from broken gas pipes and falling power lines • Landslides – rock and soil slide downhill from shaking

  5. Predicting Earthquakes • No predicting devices • Only measurements – stress along faults, water level in wells, gas emissions from fractures • Seismic gap – time between earthquakes

  6. The Earth’s Interior • Knowledge of Earth’s interior comes from Earthquake waves • By measuring the speed of a wave - able to determine the composition of the Earth • P waves travel through liquids and solids • S waves travel only through solids

  7. As P waves travel they bend as they enter new material - bending shows change of material • S waves not traveling through the outer core also shows change in material • Conclusion – Earth is made up of different states of material

  8. Layers of the Earth • Crust: Thin rocky layer • oceanic crust +/- 7 km thick • continental crust 8km -75 km thick • Mantle: Solid, rocky shell – depth of 2890 km • 80% of Earth’s volume

  9. Core: Iron and nickel center • Outer Core – 2260 km thick - liquid - Earth’s magnetic field produced here • Inner Core – sphere with radius of 1220 km - solid because of the pressure

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