1 / 22

T h e A m e r i c a n U n i v e r s i t y o f R o m e HST 201 - Survey of Western Civilization I

Session 12 Diversity in Cultural Traditions: Three Cultural Trends into the core of the Middle Ages… But before, some more of periodification. T h e A m e r i c a n U n i v e r s i t y o f R o m e HST 201 - Survey of Western Civilization I. Notes

andrew
Télécharger la présentation

T h e A m e r i c a n U n i v e r s i t y o f R o m e HST 201 - Survey of Western Civilization I

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Session 12Diversity in Cultural Traditions: Three Cultural Trends into the core of the Middle Ages… But before, some more of periodification T h e A m e r i c a n U n i v e r s i t y o f R o m eHST 201 - Survey of Western Civilization I

  2. Notes > Vuk and Tess, please send me Word documents that I can read > Class on Monday will start at 11.00am (till 12.15)

  3. Peter Brown, 2003, A Life of Learning, Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 2003, p.9“The study of religious experience divorced from a precise social context has always struck me as a singularly weightless exercise. A history of the rise of Christianity that is not rooted in a precise and up to-date history of the social, economic and cultural circumstances of the later empire and the early middle ages is, quite simply, not a history."

  4. Why is p important? Why do we need “manageable chunks” if history is a “seamless web”?How does it help us in our day-to-day discussions on politics and international relations? Bentley (Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History, The American Historical Review, Vol. 101, No. 3 (Jun., 1996), pp. 749-770) > P schemes based on the experiences of Western or any other case hardly explain the trajectories of other societies; > Different peoples are involved in diverse scale processes to different degrees, so global p are approximate; > Alternatives sensitive to local experiences: as Brown's concept of “Late Antiquity” (150-750) [and splitting the Roman empire],… has great power to understand historical development in the M basin and SW Asia, even if it does not resonate on a hemispheric scale”.

  5. Bentley (cont.) > Cross-cultural factors affecting boundaries and regions: mass migrations, imperial expansion, and long-distance trade. > Bentley proposes a post-classical age (500-1000 C.E.) & an age of transregional nomadic empires (1000-1500 C.E.). >The perspective changes… Three states, Tang, Abbasid, and Byzantine maintained order over large territories, sponsoring powerful economies. Trade & imperial expansion encouraged cross-cultural interaction; stability in a very large region encouraged merchants to revive the caravan trading network of the silk roads. Then Seljuk Turks built an empire extending from Central Asia into SW Asia and Anatolia; the Khitan and the Jurchen people established an empires in the steppelands north of China.The most dramatic event: the Mongols and their allies overran most of Eurasia and established the largest empire in human history, stretching from China, Manchuria, and Korea in the east to Russia and the Danube in the west & diplomatic relations with the west.

  6. The Middle Ages: the events 476/565 800 1300 1453/1492 Early MA > High MA > Late MA > Fall of Rome > Justinian > Constantine’s division of Empire > Rise of Islam “Transition” “Dark Ages” Americas < Fall of < Constantinople Renaissance < End of 100 < years war Battle of < Lepanto “Reconquista” < of Spain Holy Roman Empire Monasteries Plagues Universities Schism Anglo-Norman Administration & bureaucracy Romanic arch. Gothic architecture ? Not really the “Dark Ages”

  7. 476/565 800 1300 1453/1492 Early MA > High MA > Late MA The Middle Ages: the events Americas < Fall of < Constantinople Renaissance < End of 100 < years war Battle of < Lepanto “Reconquista” < of Spain Holy Roman Empire Monasteries > Fall of Rome > Justinian > Constantine’s division of the empire > Rise of Islam “Transition” “Dark Ages” Plagues Universities Schism Between Hellenism and Renaissance, Islam is theIntermediate Civilization (Goitein) ? Institutionalized Islam, territorial, mostly non-Arab. 1250-1800. Military feudalism & state bureaucracy, mono- polies, supervised economy. Intermediate, in time&space Greek secular sciences, rich & flexible creativeness in the field of religion. Arabism and Arabic Islam, receptiveness for values of culture, spread of language & Qoran.

  8. The Middle Ages: the events 1000 476/565 800 1300 1453/1492 Early MA > High MA > Late MA > Fall of Rome > Justinian > Constantine’s division of Empire > Rise of Islam “The Renaissance of the 12thCentury” Americas < Fall of < Constantinople Renaissance < End of 100 < years war Battle of < Lepanto “Reconquista” < of Spain Holy Roman Empire Monasteries Plagues Universities >The building of Western Law Schism >Intercontinental commerce Romanic architecture >Gothic architecture age of cathedrals >Rennaissance of Greco-Roman art?

  9. Hollister: The Nonexistence of the Middle Ages(The Phases of European History and the Nonexistence of the Middle Ages. C. Warren Hollister. The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 61, No. 1 (Feb., 1992), pp. 1-22) > “Middle Ages" term:1469 Giovanni Andrea. > 17th century, concept “medieval”: describe and “stigmatize an allegedly stagnant, thousand-year middle period between the fall of the western Roman Empire in AD 476 and the events of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries that supposedly ushered in ‘modernity’”. > A-MA-M paradigm of the 18th century, petrified in school and university curricula in the 19th; remains “an indestructible fossil of self-congratulatory Renaissance humanism”. > No to Middle Ages as the "Christian Centuries“ (great Christian events before and after);

  10. Hollister (cont.) > Divide between the late-antique and modern eras should be 11th-12th rather than 15th-16th > Birth of “Western Law” > Swift urbanization, birth of the metropolis (and also the agrarian village with Cathedral &Church …with new cultivation technologies) > Commercial revolution, with new routes > Economic take-off, money, profit based… > Brown cites the abandonment of the Germanic judicial ordeal in the 12th c. is a gradual but profoundly significant change in attitude, from law based on divine judgment to law based on testimony and the verdicts of juries. “Perhaps the single greatest precondition for the growth of rationality”.

  11. Hollister (cont.) > Also "The Gregorian Reform Movement" or "The Investiture Controversy”. Gregory VII vs. Holy Roman Emperor, that led to the establishment of Canon law, accompanied by a parallel process in civil law based on the revival of Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis- the "Body of Civil Law"- essentially, a compilation of the laws of the Roman Empire. > Haskins: The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century. He argued in fact for an expanded 12th century, 1050-1250; > Just a bit defensive about his idea: "A renaissance in the twelfth century!" he wrote. "Do not the Middle Ages, that epoch of ignorance, stagnation, and gloom, stand in the sharpest contrast to the light and progress and freedom of the Italian Renaissance which followed?“…"humbug!“ > A thesis very much supported in the academic community.

  12. A novel periodification Hollister proposes a different periodization schema as follows: Classical Antiquity (> 180 AD) Late Antiquity (> 11th century) Traditional/pre-Industrial Europe (11th > 1789) Modern Western Civilization (1790-1950) Post-Modern West (with Pacific-Rim Asia).

  13. The Byzantine empire > Its start? Technically, the division of the R empire… Diocletian? Constantine? > The Roman revival of Justinian, with a twist of Latin in B 527-565 > Germanic Lombards conquer the Italy 568 > Ascension of emperor Heraclius, fully Greek rulers Defeats the Persians, captures Jerusalem 610-641 > Arabs occupy Byzantine territory and attack C 650-717 > Anatolia under B rule 717-750 > Iconoclastic movement (in the same vein as Islam? Against monasteries…political as well, against pretensions of Charlemagne and Leo III) 700-850 > Palace intrigues and complots & strong, regulated administration based on control over trade, new industries & strategic position

  14. > Stalemate between Arabs and Byzantium 750-950 > Russia converts to orthodoxy 911-989 > Successful campaigns against Abbasid rulers & B reconquers most of Syria 950-1000 > Annexation of Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia 1015-1025 > Schism of the Christian Church (and definite distinction E vs W… importance of B for the W overshadowed) 1054 > Seljuk Turks (Ottoman) overrun eastern Byzantine provinces …start of the defensive state & decline 1071 > Reign of Alexius Comnenus (against Normans, treaty with Turks, Crusade, takes Anatolia but independent crusader states 1081-1118 > First Crusade, Jerusalem 1095-1099 > Fourth Crusade, capture of C by Venice: the Latin empire 1204-1261 > Fall of Constantinople 1453 > Trebizond, last capital of the minuscule Byzantine empire

  15. Spread of Islam 622-750 > Expulsion of Muhammad from Mecca (Hijrah) 622 > Return of Muhammad to Mecca 630 > Death of Muhammad 632 > Abu-Bakr becomes caliph 632 > Umar becomes caliph 634 > Arabs occupy Antioch, Damascus and Jerusalem 636 > Arabs reach Persian capital 637 > Arabs invade Egypt 646 > Arabs conquer Persian empire 651 > Sunni-Shiite schism 661 > Arabs conquer North Africa 646-711 > Umayyad dynasty 661-750 > Arabs invade Spain 711 > Abbasid dynasty 750 > Arabs stopped at Ostia 800 > Arabs defeated at Poitiers by Charles Martel 732 > then stopped near Lyons 739

  16. The Caloringian empire > The Rise of the Carolingian Empire 717-814 > Charles Martel becomes mayor of the palace 717 > The Carolingians (Charles, Pepin and Carloman) share power with the Merovingian 717-751 > Charlemagne succeeds Pepin 768 > Charlemagne is crowned Holy Roman emperor 800 > Louis the Pious becomes emperor 813 > Charlemagne dies 814

  17. Library research for paper We train our students to become "information literate," which is defined as "the ability to know when there is a need for information, to be able to identify, locate, evaluate, and effectively use that information for the issue at hand." > Where to find the information? > Using AUR’s resources… 1. AUR database: local books http://www.galileo.aur.it/cgi-bin/koha/opac-main.pl 2. URBS database: local Roman books http://www.reteurbs.org/search/ 3. CSI database: list of electronic resources / Restricted http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/eresource/alphalist.php

  18. 4. SIU database: journals and periodicals / Restricted http://ux7xn7gd4e.search.serialssolutions.com/ Journal of Roman Studies 5. Google Books / Open but limited… have to be lucky to have the right pages open reconstruction+heritage middle+ages+plague 6. Search with Google on the WWW…search adding “PDF”, sometimes you get important papers middle+ages+society+pdf 7. The use of Wikipedia…not really recommended… Only in emergencies

More Related