8th Grade Assessment Review

1. 8th Grade Assessment Review

2. Section 1 Early Peoples Land bridge theory: Glaciers created �bridge� between Asia and North American continent People migrated following herds of animals

4. Why did Native American groups develop different cultures? Each group adapted to their environments differently

5. Primary Source: first hand account of an event (diary, letter, etc.) from someone who was there at the time

6. Section 2 Early Colonial Life

7. Section 3 Colonial Era and Declaration of Independence Greece and Rome: ancient democracies Enlightenment Thinkers/Montesquieu/Rosseau/Locke: Foundations of democracy in America Natural rights, separation of powers, checks and balances Mayflower Compact: (1620) agreement for ruling the Plymouth colony, signed by Pilgrims before leaving the Mayflower Form of representative democracy in the Colonies

8. Town Meetings/House of Burgesses: Representative bodies of government in the colonies Self-government (democracy) Causes & Results of French & Indian War: Causes: France and England fought for land in the Ohio River Valley Results: England wins, causes debt ? taxes Albany Plan of Union: B. Franklin- colonies should unite in order to fight French during the F&I war

9. �No taxation without representation� Protest against British taxation Colonists felt they should not be taxed since they had no representation in British Parliament Declaration of Independence: (1776) T. Jefferson Declare colonies free from British rule People have natural rights (John Locke) Purpose of government: Government is created to protect people�s rights, if it does not the people have the right to �alter or abolish it� Consent of the governed: Government gets its power from the people Battle of Saratoga: Turning point in the American Revolution American victory convinces French to join against the British

10. Section 4- Articles of Confederation Weaknesses: Created a weak central government Could not raise taxes Declare war/make treaties Control trade Raise a military Strengths: Set up the Northwest Ordinance-system of turning territories into states Reason for this type of government: Americans were afraid a strong central government would abuse it�s power and take away people�s rights (Britain) Shay�s Rebellion: Farmers in Mass. Rebel over taxes Central government could not stop the rebellion Proved the Articles of Confederation were not working

11. Section 5- Constitutional Convention Reasons for convention: revise the A of C Shay�s Rebellion Central Gov�t was too weak Great Compromise: Representation in Congress Created a 2 house (bi-cameral) Legislature Senate: equal representation per state House of Representatives: representation based on population of state 3/5 Compromise: 3 of 5 slaves count as part of the population in determining representation in the House of Representatives

12. Slave Trade Compromise: Government can not restrict the slave trade prior to 1808, however a tax can be imposed Federalists: (Hamilton) vs. Anti-Federalists (Jefferson) Strong Central Gov�t Strong State Gov�t Loose Interpretation Strict Interpretation National Bank No National Bank Protective Tariffs No Protective Tariffs Bill of Rights and its relation to the ratification of the constitution: First 10 Amendments- guarantees people�s natural rights Needed so Anti-Federalists ratify the Constitution

13. Section 6- Constitutional Principles and Foundations Federalism: Divides power between states (reserved) and federal (delegated) governments Separation of Powers Gov�t is divided into 3 branches No abuse of power Checks and Balances Each branch is given the power to �check� the other two branches No one branch is given more power than the other two

14. Legislative Branch: Elastic Clause Congress (Senate & House of Reps) makes laws Power to stretch the power of congress when it�s �necessary and proper� Executive Branch: Electoral College Pres., V.P, Cabinet- enforces laws Process of electing the president Judicial Branch: Judicial Review Supreme Court- interprets the laws S.C. power to declare a law or action unconstitutional

15. Flexibility: Judicial Review, Amendment Process, Elastic Clause: Allows the Constitution to change over time, therefore its lasts Unwritten Constitution: Traditions followed- not written in the Constitution

16. Section 7- Bill of Rights and Amendemtns Bill of Rights 1st: personal freedoms (speech, religion, petition) 2nd: right to bear arms 3rd: Lodging of troops in homes 4th: protects against search and seizure 5th: rights of the accused 6th: right to a speedy trial 7th: trial by jury of peers 8th: protects against excessive bail 9th: power reserved to people 10th: power reserved to states

17. Amendment Process: Allows the constitution to be changed Reconstruction Amendments: 13th: ends slavery 14th: anyone born in U.S. is a citizen, equal protection under the law 15th: right to vote can not be denied based on race

18. Section 8- Early Constitution Washington�s Cabinet: Group of people who advise the President and help him do his job Precedent set by Washington (not in the Constitution) Political Parties: Formed because of differences in opinion about role of government Whiskey Rebellion: Farmers in Penn. Rebel against taxes Washington sends troops to put down the rebellion Proved the federal government was now strong enough to handle domestic problems

19. National Bank Set up by first secretary of treasury, Alexander Hamilton National debt, collect taxes Louisiana Purchase: T. Jefferson Bought Louisiana territory from France for $15 mil Doubled size of US, gave US control over Miss. River and New Orleans Used elastic clause John Marshall: Supreme Court chief justice- strengthens the power of the federal government

20. Marbury vs. Madison: Established judicial review Monroe Doctrine: Warned European countries not to colonize territory in the Western Hemisphere Age of Jackson/Jacksonian Democracy/ Indian Removal Act Jackson acted beyond the powers of any previous president Opened voting rights to more people by ending land title requirements Forced Natives to relocate to land west of the Miss. River. Against a Supreme Court decision

21. Industrial Revolution Early Industrial Revolution Water Power: Replaced hand tools, helped increase production of goods Interchangeable Parts Process developed by Eli Whitney in 1790�s that called for making each part of a machine exactly the same Cotton Gin Machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 to remove seeds from cotton Led to increase cotton production (slavery) New England Samuel Slater Brought the design for a textile mill to American from England, considered the founder of American cotton industry Pawtucket, RI Lowell�s Mills Used water power to run textile mills, employed young, unmarried women in the 1800�s Erie Canal Runs from Albany to Buffalo, NY, completed in 1825 Increased trade between Atlantic coast and Great Plains region

22. Later Industrial Revolution Industrialization: Period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production beginning in 1700�s Railroads Increased transportation of people and goods between the west and eastern cities Steel Major industry in the U.S. Northeast (Penn.) Carnegie Founder of Steel monopoly Used money to put others out of business Donated millions to improvements in society Homestead strikes 1892, labor union strike at Carnegie steel factory erupted in violence between workers and private detectives Labor conditions Long hours, low wages, unsafe and unsanitary conditions Unskilled workers were forced to take these jobs, little government interference Labor unions Formed to improve working conditions

23. Section 9- Sectionalism Manifest Destiny: Belief that US was destined to own all the land between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Sectionalism: loyalty to ones state or section (North, South, West) rather than the country as a whole Nullification: State�s Rights: State�s right to nullify (cancel) a federal law (protective tariffs) Differences between North and South North: industrial, small farms, high population, did not need slaves South: plantations, economy based on slavery Abolitionism: Movement to end slavery in the US

24. Uncle Tom�s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe: novel written to expose the evils of slavery Missouri Compromise: Missouri enters union as a slave state Maine enters as a free state Missouri Compromise line is drawn Compromise of 1850: California enters as a free state Utah & New Mexico-popular sovereignty (let the people decide) End slave trade ends in Washington DC Fugitive Slave Law: people must help catch run-away slaves

25. Kansas-Nebraska Act Popular sovereignty led to outbreak of violence �Bleeding Kansas� John Brown�s Raid: Abolitionist raided arsenal at Harper�s Ferry tried to start a slave revolt Dred Scott Decision: Slave sued for freedom after being brought to free state Supreme Court decides slaves are property, not citizens No such thing as a free state

26. Election of 1860: Abraham Lincoln elected President S. Carolina seceded (broke away) from the Union, followed by seven others Secession: Withdraw from the Union Confederate States of America: Southern states formed their own country and elected a government Jefferson Davis-Pres. of Confederacy Union: States that remained part of the US

27. Lincoln�s war goals: SAVE THE UNION Civil Liberties during wartime/power of president during wartime Increased power of the president Civil liberties are limited for interests of the country Emancipation Proclamation: Lincoln passed to declare all slaves in the rebelling states are free Changed the reason for fight the Civil War Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Killed by John Wilkes Booth in 1865 V.P. Johnson becomes President

29. Causes of the Civil War Where did Lincoln gain most of his support from in the Election of 1860? Upon being elected do you think Lincoln was popular among southerners? Explain?

30. Section 10 Reconstruction Presidential Plan for Reconstruction/Lincoln & Johnson -Thought it should be easy for southern states to be re-admitted to the union. Congressional Plan for Reconstruction/Radical Republicans - Wanted a harsh punishment dealt to states that left the union during the Civil War. Reconstruction Amendments: 13th- Abolished Slavery 14th- Granted Citizenship 15th- Voting rights for African American males

31. Black Codes- laws passed in the South after the Civil War to limit the freedoms of African Americans. Restrictions of the 15th Amendment: Poll Tax- a tax that must be paid before some one can vote -used to inhibit voting rights of African Americans Literacy Tests- test of a potential voter�s ability to read & write, inhibited un-educated blacks from voting. Grandfather Clause- laws passed that granted the right to vote to people who�s grandfather could vote intended to keep blacks from voting. Carpetbaggers & scalawags- -moved to the south to exploit political opportunities during Reconstruction -supporters of Radical Reconstruction.

32. Johnson�s Impeachment- Andrew Johnson�s near impeachment leaves the reconstruction process in the hands of Congress. Sharecropping- -system in which farmers worked land owned by someone else for a portion of the crops. -used by many former slaves because of poor conditions and a lack of opportunities. Freedman�s Bureau- agency established by Congress to aid poor African Americans in the south. KKK- secret society established during reconstruction to ensure white supremacy over blacks using violent tactics.

33. Jim Crow Laws- laws that enforced segregation in the south Plessy v. Ferguson- -decision enforced segregation deciding -�separate but equal�. End of Reconstruction- -Panic of 1873 �economic duress� Northern support of reconstruction was fading -Compromise of 1877 lead to the withdrawal of Federal Troops from the south, ending Reconstruction Federal Supremacy- Gov�t is dominated by federal gov�t

34. Section 11 Industrialization Sole proprietorships/partnerships- - A business organization that has only one owner. - A business relationship created by two or more parties. Corporations- business owned by many investors who sell shares of their company to investors. Trusts- a legal arrangement grouping together a number of companies under a single board of directors. Monopolies- total ownership of a product or service. Laissez faire- theory stating economy works best with few restrictions. Capitalism- economic system based on competition, profit, and private ownership. Free Enterprise- economic system based on private ownership, individual enterprise, and competition.

35. Social Darwinism- natural selection �Survival of the Fittest� Rockefeller- His standard oil company bought out its competition, railroads, shipping terminals and oil pipe lines. Carnegie- Rose to become a multibillionaire in the steel industry. At one time was the richest man in the world. JP Morgan- was an financier, banker, philanthropist, who dominated the banking industry during his time. Henry Ford- Founder of Ford, created assembly line. Robber Barons vs. Captains of Industry �debate that business leaders of the industrial age were both positive and negative for society�

36. Gilded Age- term used to describe the period between 1865-1900. Organized labor/early labor unions- (1820�s) Established to improve conditions for workers during the rise in industry. Knights of Labor/Terrence Powderly (founder)- -Both skilled and unskilled workers working for many social reforms. AFL/Samuel Gompers (founder) - gave membership to skilled workers only, used strikes to gain benefits for workers. Weapons of Labor Unions: strikes, riots, collective bargaining. Weapons of Management: replaced workers, lowered wages, blacklists, injunctions.

37. Public Opinion regarding labor unions- most of the public had opposing views about unions. Sherman Anti-Trust Act- law making the creation of monopolies or trusts that restrained trade or �fair competition� illegal. Interstate Commerce Act- set up I. C. C., the agency created to regulate interstate commerce. Transcontinental Rail Road- -railroad extending from the east to west coast. -connected American promoted industrialization Urbanization- rise in the population of cities

38. Old Immigration- -refers to an immigrant who arrived in the U.S. before 1880. -primarily from Northern Europe. New Immigration- -refers to an immigrant who arrived in the U.S. in after the 1880�s. -primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe. Nativism- a believe in the superiority of the way of life in one�s country way of thinking led to limiting immigration. Chinese Exclusion Act- banned Chinese from immigrating to the U.S. Gentlemen�s Agreement- informal agreement between Japan and the U.S. to limit immigration (1907). Section 12 Immigration

39. National Origin Act- -was the first permanent limitation on immigration into the U.S. Assimilation/Melting Pot Theory- -blending into the dominant culture in society. -all of the different cultures of a society combine like ingredients making one culture. Pluralism/Salad Bowl Theory- -when small groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities. -when immigrants do not lose the unique aspects of their cultures. Political Machines/graft- -powerful organization often corrupt methods that influenced city politics in the late 1800�s.

40. Section 13 Progressivism Progressivism- belief in reforming societal problems. Problems caused by industrialization- monopolies/trusts, poor living conditions, tenement life, poor working conditions, pollution/unsanitary conditions, low wages Muckrakers- were journalists who urged progressives to take action to solve societal problems in the U.S. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair- book that described the negative effects of industrialization in the meat market industry. Thomas Nast/Boss Tweed- -Thomas Nast was a muckraker who exposed political corruption. -Tweed was a corrupt political machinist How the Other Half Lives, by Jacob Riis book that showed the harsh realities of tenement life. The Octopus, by Frank Norris- describes the raising of wheat in California, and conflict between the wheat growers and a railway company. Jane Addams/Settlement Houses- -was a reformist who worked to improve the welfare of people. -were centers that helped people in poor neighborhoods.

41. T.R./Square Deal- -promised a fair shake for both the average citizen and the businessmen. Trust Busting- -was the strategy of working to ends trusts who were hurting American society Conservation- -protection of nature and its resources -T.R. thought conservation of environment was vital for the U.S. 16th Amendment- -allowed the gov�t to tax citizens directly 17th Amendment- -allowed Americans to vote directly for U.S. Senators Woodrow Wilson�s New freedom- -Wilson�s domestic policies including Trust Busting & improvements of the national banking system. 19th Amendment- -(1919) Gave voting Rights to women Bull Moose Party/3rd political party- -considered the Progressive Party, nicknamed after the strength of TR Clayton Antitrust Act- -strengthened federal laws against monopolies.

42. Section 14 Populists and Native Americans Granger Movement- -farmers who campaigned for state regulated railroads and other reforms. Homestead Act- -(1862) law that offered free land to western settlers. Complaints of farmers- -high R.R. prices, overproduction, decrease in prices of goods, poor soil quality. Free Silver/Cheap Money- -thought that silver could back money and fight inflation problems of growing America during the 1870�s. William Jennings Bryan- -was a supporter of populist ideas (like free silver), and farmers ran for president in 1896. Election of 1896- -William McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan -McKinley wins farmers movement dies out. Native American Culture/Significance of the Buffalo- -Buffalo provided all of the necessities for Native American life, reinforced spirituality and importance of nature. Reservations- -federal land set aside for Native Americans. Dawes Act- -(1887) promised to split reservation lands among Native Americans and grant citizenship.

43. Section 15 Imperialism Imperialism- -the practice of extending a nation�s power by gaining territories. -used to support mother countries economy. Causes of the Spanish American War- -propaganda/yellow journalism, European involvement in the Western Hemisphere, sinking of the USS Maine Yellow Journalism- -exaggeration of a news story Sinking of the USS Maine- -direct cause of entrance into Span-American War. -controversial b/c it was unclear what caused the explosion. Results of the War- -US gains territories of Puerto Rico and the Philippines -The US protects imperialistic interests.

44. Panama Canal- -military/trade route shortening the distance between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine/ Big Stick Policy- -the U.S. might exercise �international police power in Latin America. -the U.S. would use military strength to protect its interests in Latin America. Dollar Diplomacy- -U.S. prevention of foreign conflicts by influencing governments through economic intervention. Good Neighbor Policy- -FDR�s policy to improve relations w/ Latin America Open Door policy- -stated that all nations should have to equal access to trade in China.

45. Section 16 WWI Foreign Policy 1914: Neutrality- -remaining uninvolved in a conflict MAIN causes of WWI/immediate cause of WWI- -M-iliterism A-lliances I-mperialism N-ationalism -assassination of Archduke Ferdinand Zimmerman Telegram- -intercepted note b/t Germany and Mexico where Germans asked for Mexican help against the U.S. -causes the U.S. to enter WWI Selective Service Act- -allowed president to daft soldiers during war-time Espionage and Sedition Acts- -created to punish those who opposed war (ex. Interference w/draft is a crime)

46. Schenck v. USA- -decision upheld that free speech could be restricted during wartime Wilson�s 14 Points- -Wilson�s plans for post war peace in Europe -called for freedom of seas, open trade, demilitarization. Treaty of Versailles- -blamed Germany for WWI, forced to pay reparations -caused anger and animosity in Germany League of Nations- -peace keeping organization/alliance of European Countries Ratification of the Treaty of Versailles- -Congress denied T.O.V. b/c did not want to be involved in foreign affairs.

47. Section 17 1920�s President Harding/President Coolidge: post WWI Presidents �Normalcy? Prosperity� Return to Normalcy- Harding wanted to return America and business to where it was before the war. Ford�s assembly line- moving assembly line changed production of goods creating mass production, lower costs, more goods Harlem Renaissance- period of artistic, literary, musical, achievement of A.A. culture during the 1920�s 19th Amendment- �Voting Rights for Women� 18th amendment- �Prohibition� Flappers- women who challenged traditional roles of women during the 1920�s Bootlegging/speakeasies- -process of making home-made alcohol -secret parties where alcohol was served during prohibition. Scopes Trail- trail in which Johns Scopes was accused of teaching evolution illegally. Red Scare- refers to the time period where there was a heightened fear of communism and foreign influence in America. KKK- radical racist group who tried to deny rights and freedoms of minority groups. Nativism- a believe in the superiority of the way of life in one�s country way of thinking led to limiting immigration.

48. Section 18 Great Depression Overproduction- -too many goods than there is demanded by consumers. -lead to failure of businesses and depression of economy. Farmers- -hurt drastically during great depression -overproduced agricultural goods leading to drop in price Stock Market Speculation- -betting on the potential rise of a company before it happens. Installment Buying- -buying stock not in full & paying for the full value over time. Stock Market Crash- -(1929) triggered panic and was an immediate cause of the Great Depression. Causes of the Great Depression- -overproduction, stock market crash, inflation, lack of jobs, gov�t policy, uneven distribution of wealth, worldwinde economic distress Hoover�s Trickle Down Economics- -belief that helping businesses recover the positive effects would trickle down to everyone in the economy Hoovervilles- -low-cost housing for the poor during Hoover�s Presidency

49. Section 19 The New Deal FDR�s New Deal- The New Deal was a plan to provide Relief, Recovery, & Reform. Relief, Recovery, Reform- -helping the part of the population most effected by the depression. -programs to restore economic health. -government intervention was necessary. Role of the Federal Gov�t- -changed due to FDR, Gov�t became more accountable in helping society. FDIC- -New Deal program which insured money in banks. Social Security Act- -Government aid to retired & unemployed, allowed for new younger workforce. Deficit Spending- -when gov�t spending exceeds the amount of money it has. Securities and Exchange Act- -is a law governing what is and is not legal in the trading of stocks & bonds. Court Packing Plan- -FDR asked congress to approve a law that would allow the president to increase the # of judges. Gains made by labor Unions- Major criticism concerning the New Deal- -criticism was that the New Deal did not help all Americans including Women, African Americans, Native Americans, & Latinos, & did not solve the Great Depression.

50. Section 20 WWII Causes of WWII- -M-illitarism I-mperialism N-ationalism T-reaties -Rise of Totalitarian Leaders in Europe (Germany, Italy) Holocaust- -systematic extermination of over 10 million Jews and other minority groups in Europe. Blitzkrieg- -style of German warfare w/fast coordinated attacks. Neutrality Acts- -Series of Acts which maintained neutrality at the outset of WWII Cash & Carry Policy- -policy of selling goods for profit during war time. Lend Lease Act- -The U.S. sent billions of dollars worth of war goods to Great Britain. Arsenal of Democracy- -maintaining democracy through the use of arming countries defending democracy.

51. Pearl Harbor- -Immediate cause for the U.S. entrance into WWII -Japan bombs Pearl Harbor Hawaii WPB/WLB- both were created to help the country prepare for war were established to move from peacetime goods to wartime goods Rosie the Riveter- symbol of the strength of women who entered the workforce in the absence from men in society. Internment Camps/Korematsu vs. US -Japanese Americans were put into these prison camps during WWII -court case which determined that it was constitutional to detain people during wartime

52. Section 21 Post WWII & 1950�s Foreign Nuremberg Trails- -Court cases which tried Nazi military personnel for atrocities committed during WWII. Causes of Cold War- -Red Scare, Russian Imperialism, competition b/t the US & Russia, Containment- -preventing the Soviet Union from expanding its influence around the world. Berlin Blockade & Airlift- -after WWII Germany was y divided into 4 areas of influence (US, GB, France, Russia in control) -Russia kept their portion separate causing an airlift of necessities to East Germans. NATO vs. Warsaw Pact- - North Atlantic Trade Organization (alliance created to fight Communism). -group of Communist countries forming an alliance to counter NATO. Collective Security Agreement- -attempted to prevent or stop wars by determining an aggressor against any one state is considered an aggressor against all other states. UN- -is an international peace keeping organization whose goal is to maintain world peace. Truman Doctrine- -policy of providing help to foreign countries fight communism. Marshall Plan- -policy of fighting Communism using money to provide economic stability. Sputnik- -1st satellite in space developed by Russia Korean War- -1st time we had an actual conflict during containment, 1st time military is desegregated -Communism was contained to the 38th Parallel Vietnam War- -Cold war era conflict causing great controversy in America. -Fought to protect Communism from spreading to South Vietnam.

53. Section 22 1950�s Domestic GI Bill of Rights- -offered loans to purchase homes, go to school and spend more $. -allowed for the growth of suburbs like Levittown. Demobilizing- -process of reducing the size of the military Loyalty Review Board- HUAC- -was created to look into communist activity in America. McCarthyism- -describes the anti-communist hysteria created by Joseph McCarthy Alger Hiss & the Rosenbergs- -both were example that espionage was taking place during the Cold War. Subversives- -refers to people who try to undermine gov�t Suburbanization- -growth of areas around cities (suburbs) Interstate Highway Act- -Eisenhower�s idea to connect the country w/over 41,000 miles of highways. TV -1st introduced in the 1950�s changed the way Americans lived, boosted the economy Atomic Bomb Truman�s Decision- -destructive weapon that could end wars quickly, developed during the Manhattan project, dropping of the bomb killed hundreds of thousands & ended the war.

54. Section 23 1960�s JFK�s New Frontier- -JFK�s domestic programs modeled after FDR�s New Deal programs Space Program- -goal was to put the 1st man in space before 1970 -Kennedy funded the over 24 billion to improve space tech. Bay of Pigs- -invasion by Cuban exiles aided by the US CIA. - was an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro after taking leadership. Cuban Missile Crisis- -lasted 14 days, closest event to a nuclear war - �brink of war� -US military set a blockade for Russian ships after discovery of Russian nuclear missiles in Cuba. Alliance for Progress- -est. 1961 called for economic cooperation b/t the US & Latin America Warren Court- -refers to Chief Justice Ear Warren�s tenure in the supreme court, where judicial power was used for social progress more than any other time period in history. Lyndon B. Johnson -took over after Kennedy�s assassination, completed Kennedy�s plans for society. -helped the country w/societal programs, helped the Civil Rights Movement Great Society- -Johnson�s domestic programs which followed the New Deal tradition. Medicare/Medicaid -under Johnson added to Social Security to provide health care to the elderly. Project Head Start -est. to benefit early childhood education by creating programs for young children.

55. Civil Rights Movement- -describes an era between the 1950-early 70�s where many advancements were made for A.A.�s. -Important events/people: Jackie Robinson, Brown v. Boorad of Ed., Desegregation of US military, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Little Rock 9, James Meredith, Freedom Rides, Woolworth Sit-In, I Have A Dream March on Washington, MLK, Malcolm X, Black power Movement - Stokely Carmichael, Civil Rights Act 1964- -outlawed discrimination against any individual �because of race, color, religion, gender, or national origin.� Voting Rights Act 1965- - this act outlawed literacy tests and other means to prevent blacks from voting. Methods of Civil Rights Movement- -peaceful methods: sit-ins, boycotts, demonstrations, legal system, rallies, -violent methods: militancy, riots, Vietnam War: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- - Congress authorized the President to �take all action necessary to protect American interests.� Domino Theory- -�if one country falls to communism then more countries in Asia will fall to communism as well.� Doves v. Hawks- - Hawks- supported the war v. Doves- opposed the war Results of Vietnam- -over 58,000 American lives were lost cost over $150 billion, not considered a victory for the U.S. Difference b/t Vietnam & other Wars- -US efforts were seen as unsuccessful, modern tech did not defeat opponents War Powers Act- -limits President�s Power to deploy troops, must notify Congress within 48 hours example of �Checks and Balances�

56. Section 24 1970�s Richard Nixon: New Federalism- -Nixon thought the burden of helping the people was on the states. Opening of China- -In 1971, President Nixon, began secret talks with China opening relationships for the 1st time in 20 yrs. SALT Treaty- -promise to not develop, test, or deploy nuclear missiles. Watergate- -scandal where the Nixon and members of his staff were involved in a burglary at the Democratic Head quarters at the Watergate Hotel. -Nixon lied about his involvement and refused to submit evidence. Nixon�s pardon- -President Ford pardons Nixon after Nixon resigned as President before he could be impeached. Gerald Ford- -38th President of the US, 1st President to be appointed and not elected. Jimmy Carter- - 39th President, known mostly for his work in foreign affairs, and poor handling of domestic economic affairs. Camp David Accord- -ended thirty years of hostility between Egypt and Israel, gave Israel official recognition. -angered the rest of the Middle East. Iran Hostage Crisis- -between Nov. 79� � Jan. 81� 53 US diplomats were held Hostage. Stagflation- - rising prices, high unemployment, slow economic growth. Panama Canal Treaty- -Congress signed this treaty in 1979 to return the Panama Canal by 2000 to Panama

57. Section 25 1980�s Ronald Reagan�s New Federalism- Reaganomics- 1. reduce the growth of government spending, 2. reduce marginal tax rates on income from labor and capital, 3. reduce government regulation of the economy, 4. control the money supply to reduce inflation. Grenada- Nicaragua- Iran Contra Affair- Glasnost Peristroika De`tente- George Bush- End of the Cold War- Gulf War-

58. Section 26 1990�s-2000�s Bill Clinton- Health Care- Bosnia & Serbia- UN- Impeachment Trail- Persian Gulf War- Sept. 11th- War in Iraq-