Napoleon Bonaparte crossing the Great Saint Bernard pass in 1801. Painting, Jacques Louis David .

1. The French Revolution and Napoleon,1789–1815 The French Revolution establishes a new political order, Napoleon Bonaparte gains and loses an empire, and European states forge a balance of power. Napoleon Bonaparte crossing the Great Saint Bernard pass in 1801. Painting, Jacques Louis David.

2. Chapter 23 – Section 1The French Revolution Begins Economic and social inequalities in the Old Regime help cause the French Revolution.

3. The French Revolution Begins The Old Order The Old Regime • ________________________ — social and political system in France during the 1770s • _______________ — three social classes of France’s Old Regime The Privileged Estates • ___________________________ — Catholic clergy—own 10 percent land, pay few taxes • ___________________________ — rich nobles—2 percent population, own 20 percent land

5. The Old Order The Third Estate • ____ percent of people are peasants, urban workers, middle class • Have few privileges, pay ____________________, want change French satire on inequality of taxation: caricature of over-taxed peasant carrying a nobleman and a cleric on his back. Engraving, 1789.

6. The Forces of Change Enlightenment Ideas • Enlightenment ideas inspire some in the _________________ Economic Troubles • High ___________ and rising ____________ damage economy by 1780s • King Louis XVIand his wife Marie Antoinetteknown for _______________________________________ • Louis doubles nation’s ____________; banks refuse to lend more money A Weak Leader • Louis’s ________________ decisions and lack of ___________________ add to France’s problems • He calls _________________________________ —meeting of representatives from all three estates

7. Louis XVI, king of France, in his coronation robes. He died under the guillotine in 1793. Painting, Antoine-François Callet.

8. Dawn of the Revolution The National Assembly • Third Estate has ________________ power under old rules • Sieyès persuades them to make major changes in French government • Third Estate sets up ______________________________ — new legislature to make reforms • _______________________________________ — delegates decide to write new constitution for France Storming the Bastille • Rumors fly in Paris that Louis wants to suppress the ___________________________________________ • Mob attacks and seizes __________________________, killing guards on July 14, 1789

9. Conquerors of the Bastille before the Hotel de Ville. Painting (1839), Paul Delaroche.

10. A Great Fear Sweeps France Rebellion • ___________________ and ________________ spread throughout France • ______________________________ — attacks by peasants taking place across France • Peasants destroy legal papers binding them to __________________________________ • In October 1789, Parisian ____________________ revolt over rising price of __________________ • They demand action, forcing Louis to return from _______________________________ to Paris

11. To Versailles, to Versailles. Women of Paris march to Versailles on October 5-6, 1789, to bring back Louis XVI.

12. Chapter 23 – Section 2 Revolution Brings Terror and Reform The revolutionary government of France makes reforms but also uses terror and violence to retain power.

13. Revolution Brings Reformand Terror The Assembly Reforms France The Rights of Man • National Assembly adopts the __________________________________________________________ • Revolutionary leaders use the slogan, “__________________, Equality, Fraternity” A State-Controlled Church • National Assembly seizes church lands, turns clergy into ____________________________________ • This action alarms many peasants, who are devout _________________ Louis Tries to Escape • Louis, worried about his future, attempts to escape France • Revolutionaries catch the royal family near ____________________________ border

14. Divisions Develop A Limited Monarchy • In September 1791, Assembly finishes a new ________________ • _________________________ — new body created to pass laws Factions Split France • Major problems, including ___________ and ____________________________ remain • Assembly split into __________________, _________________, and __________________________ • _____________________ — nobles who flee country, want Old Regime back in power • ___________________________ — lower class who want more change from the Revolution

15. Parisian sans-culotte (no shorts). Drawing, 18th century.

16. War and Execution Problems with Other Countries • ____________________ and __________________ want Louis in charge of France; France declares war France at War • Prussian forces soon threaten to attack _________________ • Parisian mob jails ___________________________, kills guards • Mob breaks into prisons, killing over _____________, including many who support king • Pressured by mob, ____________________________________ deposes the king and then dissolves • National Convention takes office in September, forming ________________________________

17. War and Execution Jacobins Take Control • _______________ — radical political organization behind 1792 governmental changes • After a close vote, Louis XVI is found guilty of _____________ and is _______________________ • _________________________ — machine designed during the Revolution to behead people The War Continues • French army wins great victory against Prussians and Austrians • In 1793 _________________, _______________, and _____________________ join forces against France • National Convention orders draft of ____________________ to reinforce army

18. The Terror Grips France Divided Country • Not all people in France support all changes of the Revolution Robespierre Assumes Control • _____________________________________ — Jacobin leader rules France for a year • Becomes leader of the Committee for Public Safety, he is a _________________ • _________________________________ — Robespierre’s rule, which includes killing many opponents • _________________ die during the Terror, including former allies and ___________________________________ • _______ percent of those who die during the Terror are middle or lower class

19. End of the Terror Another Change in Government • In July 1794, Robespierre is ___________________ and ____________________ • Terror results in public opinion shifting away from ____________ • Moderate leaders write a new _________________________ • __________________________________________ and five-man Directory restore order • New government makes ________________________________ commander of armies

20. Chapter 23 – Section 3 Napoleon Bonaparte, a military genius, seizes power in France and makes himself emperor.

21. Napoleon Forges an Empire Napoleon Seizes Power Early Life • Napoleon Bonaparte — born in _______________, attends military school, joins army Hero of the Hour • In 1795, Napoleon defeats royalist rebels attacking the ________________________________________ • Napoleon wins stunning victories in ___________, gaining popularity • News of his defeats in __________________ are suppressed Coup d’État • In November 1799, he carries out coup d’état — _________________________________________ • Napoleon defeats _________________, __________________, & ______________________ who join forces against him

22. Napoleon Rules France Vote of Approval • New constitution is approved through _____________________ — vote of the people Restoring Order at Home • To fix economy, he sets up national banking system, efficient tax collection • Establishes _________________ — government-run public schools to train officials • Signs ___________________________ — agreement—with pope restoring Catholicism in France • Creates ___________________________ — uniform system of laws Napoleon Crowned as Emperor • In December 1804, ________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

23. Coronation of Emperor Napoleon I (Bonaparte), with Empress Josephine kneeling. Painting (19th century), Jacque Louis David.

24. Napoleon Creates an Empire Loss of American Territories • In __________, Napoleon attempts to retake colony of Saint Domingue but fails • Gives up on the ________________ and concentrates on Europe • Sells the _____________________________ to the __________ for $_____ million in __________ Conquering Europe • ___________________, _________________, ______________, ____________________ join forces against Napoleon • Napoleon ____________ enemy forces in several brilliant battles • Napoleon forces _________________, ________________, & _____________________ to sign peace treaties

25. Napoleon Creates an Empire The Battle of Trafalgar • In 1805, British win__________________________________ — ensures British _______________________________ • This defeat forces Napoleon to give up plan of invading ____________________ • Napoleon looks for another way to __________________ Britain The French Empire • Napoleon controls Europe except for ___________________, _________________, _________________, & _______________ • He has ___________________ rulers in some countries, & ______________________ with others • French Empire reaches largest extent from ________ to _______

26. Chapter 23 – Section 4 Napoleon’s conquests aroused nationalistic feelings across Europe and contributed to his downfall.

27. Napoleon’s Empire Collapses Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes The Continental System • Napoleon strikes Britain through _________________ — forced closing of ports • ___________________________ — economic plan to strengthen Europe, weaken Britain • ____________________ and uncooperative allies make France’s blockade fail • Britain responds with blockade of its own, led by its stronger a ______________ • Americans fight Britain in ____________________; war does no major damage to Britain

28. Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes The Peninsular War • Napoleon sends troops across Spain to attack ________________, causing protest • Napoleon makes his brother king of ________________, making things worse • Spanish fight as _______________________ — small groups that attacked and then disappear • _____________________ aid Spanish guerrillas • Napoleon loses ___________________ soldiers during this Peninsular War • Nationalist rebels fight the French in other conquered territories

29. Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes The Invasion of Russia • Relations with Russia break down, Napoleon decides to ___________________________ • In June 1812, Napoleon’s army marches into Russia with ______________________ men • Russians use _________________________________________ — destroying crops, livestock • In September 1812, Russians retreat from ____________________ after Battle of Borodino • Napoleon finds Moscow abandoned and _____________________ • Napoleon retreats, losing thousands of soldiers to _____________, __________________________________

30. Napoleon's campaign in Russia during harsh winter.

31. Napoleon’s Downfall Napoleon Suffers Defeat • __________________, ________________, ________________, __________________, ________________ join forces against Napoleon • Napoleon raises another army, but meets quick _______________ by allied powers • Napoleon finally surrenders and is exiled to island of __________ The Hundred Days • _________________, new king, is soon overthrown and Napoleon returns from exile • _______________________ — British, Prussian forces defeat Napoleon’s army • This defeat endsHundred Days — Napoleon’s ______________ attempt at power

32. Chapter 23 - Section 5 After exiling Napoleon, European leaders at the Congress of Vienna try to restore order and reestablish peace.

33. The Congress of Vienna Metternich’s Plan for Europe A Meeting of Nations • ________________________________ — series of meetings that reshape Europe Metternich and the Great Powers • Klemens von Metternich — foreign minister of ______________, influential at Congress • ___________________________________ — a chief Metternich goal, with no one country a threat

34. Metternich’s Plan for Europe The Containment of France • Kingdom of the Netherlands formed, and __________________ made independent • _______________ dominates new German Confederation of 39 German states • Kingdom of Sardinia is strengthened by adding _____________ Balance of Power • European powers weaken ___________________ but leave it mostly intact

35. Metternich’s Plan for Europe Legitimacy • Legitimacy — __________________ deposed by Napoleon are returned to thrones • Leaders hope to restore _______________ through these changes • ___________________________________________ succeeds in getting all European governments together • _________________________ are worked out so that the meeting does not lead to more ______________ • European nations agree to preserve peace, which lasts almost _______ years

36. Political Changes Beyond Vienna Conservative Europe • _________________________________ — Russia, Prussia, Austria pledge to fight revolution • _________________________________ — European nations pledge to help fight revolutions • __________________________ governments rule across Europe, but new ideas have impact

37. Political Changes Beyond Vienna Revolutions in Latin America • Napoleon’s replacing of the king of ___________________ set off rebellions in Spanish America • Many former colonies of _____________________ and __________________________ gain independence Long-Term Legacy • _____________________, __________________ gain power; spreading ___________________________ leads to revolutions