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Social Development. Nature and Nurture Where does the division begin? Attachment Theory Cupboard Theory (Freud) The need for comfort (Bowlby & Harlow) The Strange Situation and beyond (Ainsworth & Main). Social Development. Nature-Nurture
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Social Development • Nature and Nurture • Where does the division begin? • Attachment Theory • Cupboard Theory (Freud) • The need for comfort (Bowlby & Harlow) • The Strange Situation and beyond (Ainsworth & Main)
Social Development • Nature-Nurture • We are a complex and unique combination of our genes and environment • Reaction range • Limits of the genotype • Environment determines where in the range the gene is expressed
Social Development • Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) • Cupboard Theory • Children innately attracted to their mother for food • Attachment purely for physical needs
John Bowlby(1907-1990) Internal Working Model Innate fear of the unfamiliar Built-in approach and sign behaviours Attachment Theory
John Bowlby (1907-1990) Innate fear of the unfamiliar Built-in approach and sign behaviours Internal Working Model Harry Harlow (1905-1981) Comfort vs. Nurture Terry-Cloth vs. Wire-Milk Mother Attachment Theory
Attachment Theory • Harry Harlow(1905-1981) • Comfort vs. Nurture • Terry-Cloth vs. Wire-Milk Mother • Isolated monkeys spent more time with cloth (comfort) mother than wire (nurture) mother
Time Spent on Mothers 10 9 8 7 Cloth Mother 6 Mean time in Hours 5 4 3 2 Wire Mother 1 250-259 260-269 270-279 280-289 290-299 Days of Age
Mary Ainsworth (1913-1999) Child’s attachment with Mother The Strange Situation (Gleitman,510-512) Children should use mother as secure base for exploration Children should exhibit separation anxiety Children should be less comfortable with a stranger than their mother Attachment Theory
The Strange Situation • Parent and Infant enter experimental room • Parent and infant are alone. Infant explores. • Stranger enters, talks to mother and then approaches infant. • First Separation: Mother leaves room • First Reunion: Mother returns and stranger leaves • Second Separation: Mother leaves room again and stranger returns • Second Reunion: Mother returns, picks up infant; stranger leaves.
Attachment and Adulthood • Mary Main • Collected four generations of data examining the long-term effects of attachment style • The internal working model of relationships
Attachment and Adulthood • Resilience and Nature-Nurture revisited • Patterns can change; they are not set in stone • Our environment is constantly changing influence on the way we define ourselves, others and social relationships • Crisis and change
Attachment and Adulthood • How to create a secure attachment • Be emotionally available and responsive to the other’s needs in a predictable manner • Intimacy, passion and support • Conflict resolution strategies, self-disclosure and trust
Social Development • Nature and Nurture • Where does the division begin? • Attachment Theory • Cupboard Theory (Freud) • The need for comfort (Bowlby & Harlow) • The Strange Situation and beyond (Ainsworth & Main)
