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Social development

Social development. Socialization: rules values and expectations of culture and society Personality: own unique way of being and feeling within a culture. Gender role development. Distinguishing sex and gender

jeanette-holt
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Social development

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  1. Social development • Socialization: rules values and expectations of culture and society • Personality: own unique way of being and feeling within a culture

  2. Gender role development • Distinguishing sex and gender • Sex: biological differences in genetic composition, reproductive anatomy and function • Gender: the social, cultural, and psychological aspects that are relevant to men and women

  3. Gender role development • Gender differences in male and female infants? • Physical characteristics • Perceptual abilities • Activity level

  4. Gender role development • Social construction of gender • Rheingold & Cook (1975) • Pomerleau, Bolduc et al. (1990)

  5. Gender role development • Baby X Method • Condry & Condry (1976)

  6. Social learning theory • reinforcement • imitation and observation of role models • Do girls and boys receive differential reinforcement for particular behavior? • Langlois & Downs (1980). • Idle, Wood, & Desmarais (1993)

  7. Social learning theory continued • Do adults reinforce different behvaiors in boys and girls? • Fagot, Hagan, Leinbach, & Kronsberg (1985). • Role models • Perry & Bussy’s experiments • Strengths of social learning theory? • Weaknesses

  8. Cognitive Developmental theory Kohlberg: gender identity 3 stages: awareness that two sexes exist. (gender labeling) Understanding that gender doesn’t change over time (gender stability) Awareness that gender remains unchanged across situations and behaviors (gender constancy).

  9. Gender Schema Theory • Defining schemas: cognitive structures that guide and organize the way in which we make sense out of information in the world. • Why do we rely on schema for organizing information? • Our social idealogies construct a large number of associations between gender and other qualities and behaviors

  10. Our culture assigns importance to gender distinctions • When do gender schema develop? • Martin, Eisenbud, & Rose (1995) • Strengths of gender schema theory • Disadvantages? • Gender distinctions become exaggerated • developmental options become restricted

  11. From roles to stereotypes • How rigidly do we apply gender stereotypes? • Young children • 8-11 year olds Williams & Best (1990) • Adolescents: Stoddart & Turiel (1985)

  12. Analyzing TV programs • How many main characters are there? Of these, how many men, how many women? • What are the occupations of each character? Rate the occupations in terms of status. • If there is a woman in a high status position, how is she portrayed? • What messages would children (or adults) get about what the world is like from watching this program?

  13. Socialization through television • Does television have a strong influence on children’s development? • 4 factors suggest it does • What are the messages that children get from television?

  14. Findings from content analysis • appearance • relationships • employment • men • advertising • children’s programming

  15. Does it matter? • Does television cause increased stereotyping? How do you test this hypothesis? • methodological issues • correlational design • longitudinal design • before and after TV

  16. Gender segregation • Early play patterns • Gender segregation: Why do we see it? • Behavioral compatibility • Cognitive developmental

  17. Behavioral Compatibility • Styles of interaction • Social responsiveness (Jacklin & Maccoby, 1978); Serbin et al., 1991). • Attempts to influence (Serbin et al., 1984). • Rough and tumble play • Conversation styles • Conflict resolution (Miller, Danahar & Forbes (1986); Sheldon, (1990)

  18. Cognitive motivation • Moller & Serbin, (1996). • Gender segregation in middle childhood • Peer socialization (Serbin et al., 1979). • Avoidance of cross-gender contact (Thorne, 1986; Powlishta, 1995). • Cross-gender friendships – Gottman & Parker, 1987; Kovacs, Parker, & Hoffman, 1996).

  19. Adolescence • Structure of the adolescent peer group • Classic study: Dunphy, (1963). • Different cultures for girls and boys? Maccoby, (1985)

  20. Friendships • Elementary school: gender segregated • girls: single best friend • What do male and female best friends do? • Conversations among best friends • Tannen (1990): 2nd grade; 6th grade, 10th grade

  21. Adolescent friendships • How do cross-gender friends communicate?

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