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Understanding Cell Structure and Function: Key Organelles in Plant and Animal Cells

Today's lesson focuses on understanding the fundamental units of life—cells—with an emphasis on both plant and animal cells. We will explore various organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, discussing their unique functions and structures. Students will take detailed notes on cell components and their roles, including the plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, and various types of vacuoles. By the end of this session, students should have a solid grasp of how these organelles contribute to the overall functioning of living organisms.

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Understanding Cell Structure and Function: Key Organelles in Plant and Animal Cells

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  1. January 10th, 2012 Daily Activity • Get out your packets. • Open to table in the middle of the packet and prepare to take notes. • FOR TODAY ONLY: Sit in the front 8 desks…if you mess up while in this formation, I will remove you from class. Today’s Agenda • Take notes on the cell, filling out your cell tables

  2. Cells • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things. • Many different types of cells but we will focus on Plant and Animal cells. • Contain smaller compartments called organelles which each have a specific function.

  3. Plasma Membrane • Also called the Cell Membrane. • Outermost portion of the cell. • Keeps all the pieces of the cell inside. • Characterization: Purse or human skin.

  4. Cilia • Fine, whip like/hair like structures that are on the outside of the cell. • Help the cell move and helps move liquid past the surface of the cell. • Characterization: Flippers

  5. Cytoskeleton • Provides shape and strength within the cell. • Spaces are filled with Cytoplasm. • Characterization: The inside of a pomegranate.

  6. Cytoplasm • Fluid that fills the cell. • Made of dissolved amino acids, sugars and fatty acids the cell uses to function. • Characterization: Filling of Ding Dong, Or the Jell-O in Raspberry Jell-O.

  7. Grana • Grana are stacks of thylakoids found in chloroplasts • Sultiple stacks of thylakoids found in chloroplasts in the cell. • The light reaction of photosynthesis takes place in the thylakoids stacked in grana • Characterization: They look like stacks of pancakes (thylakoids).

  8. Plastids • A double membrane bound organelle involved in the synthesis and storage of food, and is commonly found within the cells of photosynthetic organisms, like plants. • Characterization: Cafeteria

  9. Microfilaments • Long, thin, stringy proteins • Provide structure that helps the cell move, keep it’s shape, and move organelles • Helps form the cytoskeleton. • Characterization: Expansion Joints

  10. Microtubules • Thick, Strong fibers shaped like tubes. • Move vesicles, granules and other organelles • Important for cell division. • Characterization: Conveyor Belt

  11. Vesicles • Store or transport substances in and out of the cell. • Characterization: Mail Man

  12. Centrioles • Help with Cell division • Important part of mitosis and meiosis. • Made of microtubules • Barrel Shaped. • Characterization: Obstetrician

  13. Mitochondria • Provide the energy the cell needs to move, divide and contract. • Produces ATP = primary source of energy for the cell. • Characterization: Power Plant

  14. Vacuoles • Storage Bubbles. Store nutrients and wastes until they can get transported out of the cell. • Found mostly in plants, but also found in animals. • Characterization: Storage Bin, or a Water Jug

  15. Lysosome • Holds enzymes created by the cell. • Function is to digest things. • Work in low oxygen and pH zones • Characterization: Sewage Treatment Plant

  16. Peroxisome • Similar to Lysosomes, however they only dissolve things that are harmful to the cell. • Require oxygen rich environment. • Mostly break down Hydrogen Peroxide into water and Oxygen • Characterization: Police

  17. Ribosome • Used to produce proteins which are used as enzymes to support most functions of the cell. • Build chains of proteins, one amino acid at a time. • Characterization: Construction Workers

  18. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Network of membranes throughout the cell. • Looks like a bunch of tubes put together. • Important for storage within the cell. Usually stores steroids. Characterization: Storage Unit

  19. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Synthesis and Packaging of proteins. • Looks like a bunch of tubes put together covered in ribosomes. Characterization: Packing Plant

  20. Golgi Apparatus/Body • Membrane Bound vesicle that packages microtubules for transportation elsewhere in the cell. • Builds Lysosomes • Characterization: Packaging Plant

  21. Nucleus • Contains the DNA of the cell. • Controls the eating, moving and reproduction of the cell. • Characterization: The Brain

  22. Nuclear Envelope • Holds the contents of the nucleus. • Rough ER is attached to it, they flow seamlessly together. • Characterization: Paper Towel

  23. Nuclear Pores • Regulate passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. • Characterization: Holes in a strainer.

  24. Chromosomes • Carry the genes of the cell. • Makes the cell what it is. • Characterization: The Brain

  25. Chromatin • Genetic material made of DNA and proteins that creates Chromosomes. • Packages DNA so that it can fit in a smaller volume. • Characterization: Vacuum sealer.

  26. Nucleolus • Produces Ribosomes • Characterization: Production Facility

  27. Plant Cells: Different Organelles • Cell Wall • Protective “box” around the plasma membrane and the cell. • Give the cell its shape • Allow plants to grow to great heights. • Characterization: Balloon in a cardboard box.

  28. Chloroplasts • Produce food for the cell. • Converts energy of the sun into sugars. • Characterization: Sugar Production Facility

  29. Vacuoles • Very Large • Hold water • A plant cell changes size depending on the amount of water present in the vacuole. • Characterization: Water Balloon

  30. Other Information • Solutions: uniform mixture of two or more substances put together. (Sugar Water) • Solute: That is dissolved (Sugar) • Solvent: That which dissolves (Water)

  31. Types of Solutions • Isotonic: Concentration outside of the cell equals the concentration within the cell. • Water flows freely in and out of the cell.

  32. Types of Solutions • Hypertonic: Concentration on the outside of the cell is greater than inside of the cell. • Water flows out of the cell

  33. Types of Solutions • Hypotonic: Concentration inside of the cell is greater than the concentration outside of the cell. • Water flows freely into the cell.

  34. Types of Solutions • Isotonic: Concentration outside of the cell equals the concentration within the cell.

  35. Types of Solutions

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