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BITO-111 BIOTECHNOLOGY

BITO-111 BIOTECHNOLOGY. Ayesha Masrur Khan November 2013. Applications of Biotechnology. Applications of Biotechnology (cont’d). Pollution prevention.

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BITO-111 BIOTECHNOLOGY

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  1. BITO-111BIOTECHNOLOGY Ayesha Masrur Khan November 2013

  2. Applications of Biotechnology BITO-111

  3. Applications of Biotechnology (cont’d) • Pollution prevention • Waste/toxin affected water and land can be treated: Industrial effluents, pesticides, insecticides, oil spills etc. contribute to land, water and air pollution. • Livestock Improvement • Improvement of milk and meat production • Animal breeding to increase offsprings of a certain kind • Health and Molecular Medicine • Diagnosis : diseases, genetic predispositions to certain disorders, detection of inherited disorders in early stages. • Rational drug design • Pharmacogenomics • Gene therapy, stem cell therapy • Improvement of therapeutic protein drugs through protein engineering BITO-111

  4. The Broad Picture of Life BITO-111

  5. The Broad Picture of Life BITO-111

  6. The Science behind Biotechnology • Cell processes: Cell growth & metabolism, response & adaptation • Parts of cells (animals & plants) • DNA • Mutations • Genomes • Proteins • Transcription & Translation BITO-111

  7. The Central Dogma The development of any living organism is the outcome of the action of proteins. Proteins are produced as a direct result of DNA. But how is DNA information translated into proteins? 1. Genetic code: Each DNA sequence corresponds to a specific sequence of amino-acids, the building blocks of proteins 2. Proteins synthesis is done in the cytoplasm of the cell, with a messenger from the DNA going to the appropriate location in the cell (Jacob and Monod) 3. DNA transcription mRNA translation Protein BITO-111

  8. Biomolecules: Proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes (Essential part of life) 1. Structural Protein – Structural proteins are the bricks – Fibers 2. Transport Proteins – Carrier molecules or transport proteins – Haemoglobin 3. Messenger Proteins – Cells in one part of the body communicate with cells in another part of the body. – Hormones (Insulin) BITO-111

  9. Biomolecules: Proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes(Essential part of life) Primary structure of proteins: Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Amino acids are primary amines that contain an alpha carbon that is connected to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a variable side group (R). The side group gives each amino acid its distinctive properties and helps to dictate the folding of the protein. Linking an amino group to a carboxyl group on another amino acid creates polymers of amino acids. This is termed a peptide bond -20 amino acids found in proteins (polar, non-polar & charged) -proteins and peptides are formed when ribosome & rest of the translation machinery link 10-10,000 amino acids together primary sequence BITO-111

  10. Biomolecules: Proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes(Essential part of life)-cont’d Secondary structure: Association of primary sequence (folding) leads to secondary structure. Involvement of hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, sulfhydryl linkages & ionic interactions. Common secondary structures: Alpha helix Beta Sheet Random coils Tertiary structure: Connection of separate secondary structures casing specific folding. Hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide linkages & ionic interactions stabilize the structure. Quaternary structure: Arrangement of polypeptides forming complexes. Example: Haemoglobin (shown in figure) has 4 subunits, each having Haeme groups (containing iron that binds the oxygen) BITO-111

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  12. Moving to smaller yet significant things… Nucleic acids • Nucleic acids: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), serve as storage units for the hereditary information. • RNA and DNA are long polymers of only 4 nitrogenous bases- adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine (or uracil for RNA)-a sugar, and a phosphate group. • The nucleotide structure can be broken down into 2 parts. The sugar-phosphate backbone and the base. All nucleotides share the sugar-phosphate backbone. Linking the monomer units using oxygen on the phosphate, and a hydroxyl group on the sugar forms nucleotide polymers. • The sugar in DNA, deoxyribose is called a pentose sugar because it has 5 carbon atoms. • The sugar in RNA is also a pentose sugar called ribose, and the one in DNA is deoxyribose (lacks oxygen at carbon no.2) BITO-111

  13. Nucleic acids-cont’d • Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) are purines; two ring structure, • Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) and Uracil (U) are pyrimidines; one ring structures and share a similar structure, but differ in their side groups. • Base pairing: Adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine, cytosine forms 3 with guanine. The G to C pair is 33% stronger than the A to T pair due to the extra hydrogen bond. BITO-111

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  15. Transcription of DNA to RNA to Protein BITO-111

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