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Understanding Biotechnology: Applications, Safety, and Genetic Engineering in Agriscience

This educational overview, modified by the Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office, delves into the fundamentals of biotechnology as a tool in agriscience. Key competencies include defining essential terms like DNA and genetic engineering, comparing traditional and modern methods of plant and animal improvement, and discussing historical applications. It highlights the potential and risks of biotechnology, including safety concerns, and emphasizes its critical role in food production, pest management, and waste management. The guide is designed for students to grasp the importance of biotechnology in modern agriculture.

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Understanding Biotechnology: Applications, Safety, and Genetic Engineering in Agriscience

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  1. Biotechnology By Larry Stine Estherville Lincoln Central High School Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office June 2002

  2. Competencies: • define biotechnology, DNA, and other related terms • compare methods of plant and animal improvement • discuss historic applications of biotechnology • explain the concept of genetic engineering

  3. Competencies: • describe applications of biotechnology in agriscience • state some safety concerns and safeguards in biotechnology

  4. Terms to Know • Bio • Clone • Gene splicing • Improvement by selection • Genetic Engineering • Recombinant DNA technology • Selective breeding

  5. Terms to Know • Nucleic acid • Gene mapping • Genetics • Bases • Insulin • Heredity • Adenine (A)

  6. Terms to Know • Ice-minus • Genes • Guanine (G) • X-Gal • Generation • Cytosine (C) • Bovine somatotropin (BST)

  7. Terms to Know • Progeny • Thymine (T) • Porcine somatotropin (PST) • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) • Mapping

  8. Introduction • Biotechnology is a tool of agriscience • Promises unprecedented advancements • Has real dangers • Definition of Biotechnology

  9. Historic Applications • Living organisms have been used for centuries to alter and improve the quality and types of food for humans and animals • Yeast to make bread rise • Bacteria to ferment sauerkraut • Bacteria to produce cheese and other dairy products • Microorganisms to make alcoholic beverages • Bacteria in silage production

  10. Improving Plant and Animal Performance • Improvement by Selection • Improvement by Genetics • Improvement by Biotechnology

  11. Improvement by Selection • Soon followed domestication of the dog, horse, sheep, goat, ox and other animals thousands of years ago • Purchasing, selling, bartering and trading got people animals with desirable traits • Mating plants and animals with desirable traits resulted in selective breeding • Historical evidence in the development of the horse

  12. Improvement by Genetics • Gregor Johann Mendel • Austrian Monk who is credited with discovering the effect of genetics on plant characteristics • Experimented with garden peas • Published findings in 1866 • People didn’t pay much attention

  13. Improvement by Genetics • Mendel’s work would have been lost if not recorded • 1900 other scientist reviewed, built upon his observations, and conclusions • Today Gregor Johann Mendel is credited for discovering the principles of heredity

  14. Improvement by Biotechnology • Improvement by manipulating the genetic content of cells • Permits more choices for the researcher, more rapid observation of results • New capability with amazing implications

  15. DNA - Genetic Code of Life • Over 300,000 kinds of plants • Over 1 million kinds of animals • All are different in some ways • All plants and animals are alike in some ways • All contain DNA

  16. DNA - Genetic Code of Life • Cloning is common scientific knowledge • Early 1980’s Genetic Engineering developed • 1867 Friedrich Meischer discovered DNA which is similar in all living cells • structure • function • composition • transmitter of hereditary information

  17. DNA - Genetic Code of Life • DNA occurs in pairs of strands intertwined • Connected by chemicals called bases • Likened to the two sides of a wire ladder • Bases likened to the rungs and include: • Adenine (A) • Guanine (G) • Cytosine (C) • Thymine (T)

  18. DNA - Genetic Code of Life • Examples of traits: • hair color • tendency for baldness • height of plants at maturity • tendency of females to have twins • Gene Splicing • Gene Mapping

  19. Solving Problems with Microbes • Microscopic plants and animals lend themselves to genetic engineering • Produce quickly and can be genetically engineered to produce products need by other plants, animals, and humans • One of first commercial products was insulin • Used by people with diabetes to control their blood sugar levels

  20. Improving Plants and Animals • 1988- first use of ice-minus • 1988 use of genetically altered bacteria for Dutch Elm Disease • BST and PST • Roundup and Liberty Ready corn and soybeans • BT Corn

  21. Improving Plants and Animals • Genetic engineering and other forms of biotechnology hold great promise in controlling: • Diseases • Insects • Weeds • Other pests • Environment will be enhanced

  22. Waste Management • Environmental Pollution is a major problem • Landfills are becoming full • Old dump sites are creating problems • Waste is piling up • Sewage and chemical disposal is a constant problem

  23. Waste Management • Genetically altered bacteria are used to feed on oil slicks and spills • Bacteria are being developed to decompose or deactivate dioxin, PCBs, insecticides, herbicides, and other chemicals • Bacteria are under development to convert solid wastes into sugars and fuel

  24. Safety in Biotechnology • Federal and state governments monitor biotechnology closely • Fear of genetically modified organisms • Policies, procedures and laws have been developed • Gaining in public confidence

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