Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

1. Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance 1.1 Page 37

2. Renaissance • Means “Rebirth” • In terms of art and learning • Goal to bring back culture & life of classical Greece and Rome

3. City States • Northern Italy grew • Overseas trade caused by crusades • Norther Italy Urban, Rest of Europe Rural • 1300’s bubonic plague struck the cities hard • Fewer laborers= higher wages • Business pursued other interests - Art

4. Merchants • Did not inherit social rank • Had to work hard & became extremely involved in politics • Late 1200’s Florence came under influence of a banking family Medici • 1434 Won control of Florence’s government • Influenced ruling council by giving them loans • Passed the dictatorship down to his grandson

5. Studying History • Renaissance scholars looked down on the art of the middle ages • Wanted to return to the learning of the greeks and romans • Grew inspiration from the Ruins of Rome • Studied old manuscripts

6. Worldly Values • Humanism - an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements • Secular - Worldly rather than spiritual and concerned with the here and now • Enjoy life without offending God & could enjoy luxuries • Patrons - financially supporting artists • Self portraits

7. Men & Women • Men who excelled in many fields • Praised as “Universal Man” or “Renaissance Men” • Women expected to know classics & be charming • Not to seek fame • Inspire art but not create it • Little influence in politics

8. Artists • Leonardo da Vinci - Mona Lisa • Raphael - Madonna & Child • Donatello - David • Michelangelo -

9. Machiavelli • Wrote The Prince • Political Guide Book

10. The Northern Renaissance 1.2

11. Main Idea • In the 1400’s the ideas of the Italian Renaissance began to spread to Northern Europe

12. Northern Renaissance • 1450 - population began to grow from bubonic plague • Cities grew after 100 years war • England & France monarchs sponsor monarchs • French King invades Italy • Italian artists flee North to safety

13. Writers • Italians bring classical languages & texts to the North • Use to examine the church • Utopia • An imaginary place where greed corruption & war have been weeded out.

14. Elizabethan Age • Renaissance spread to England • Named after Queen Elizabeth I • Shakespeare • Famous writer of the day

15. Printing • Gutenberg • changed the ways of printing • Made it easier for books to be made • Were made cheaper, faster & more widespread

16. Legacy of Renaissance • Period of Great Social Change • Changed Arts to model various ideal • Changed society • Spread of word • More books • new maps/discoveries • Laws • Question Religious practices

17. Luther Leads the Reformation 1.3 Page 54

18. Causes of Reformation • Printing spread ideas of secular & individual • Rulers challenge churches political power • Merchants in Germany started the movement

19. Problems with Church • Leaders were corrupt • Fought wars & spent on personal pleasures • Pope Alexander VI admitted to fathering many children • Some married, drank, gambled excessively & could barely read

20. Martin Luther • Monk & Teacher • Took a stance against Johann Tetzel • Selling indulgence to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral • Wrote 95 Theses

21. Luther Cont. • 3 main ideas • People could win salvation only by faith in God's gift of forgiveness. The Church taught that faith and "good works" were needed for salvation • All church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. Both the pope and Church traditions were false authorities. • All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the bible for them.

22. Response • Popes Threat • Excommunicate Luther • Emperor's Opposition • Holy Roman Emperor summoned Luther to stand trial • Princes loyal to pope signed a agreement to join forces • Princes loyal to Luther signed a protest & became known as Protestants

23. England • Henry VIII • Wanted a son • Wanted to divorce first wife, Pope refused to annul the marriage • Henry asks parliament to get rid of churches power over England

24. England Cont. • Henry Secretly marries Anne Boleyn • Parliament approved Act of Supremacy - Breaking ties with the pope • Anne failed to give a son - Accused of treason & beheaded • Henry marries Jane Seymour - She gives a son but dies • Henry marries 3 more times

25. Elizabeth • Puts England to Protestantism • Makes England relatively peaceful with religion

26. The Reformation Continues 1.4 Pg. 61

27. Calvin • Published "Institutes of the Christian Religion" • Expressed ideas about God, salvation, and human nature • Said God chooses very few people to save & people could not earn salvation • Doctrine was called predestination & religion based on Calvin "Calvinism

28. Calvin Cont. • Ideal Gov. was Theocracy - A government controlled by religious leaders

29. Other Reforms • Anabaptists - people who were baptized as children should be rebaptized as adults • Church & state should be separate • Women - some influence over husbands to influence reforms

30. Catholic Reformation • Helping Catholics remain loyal • Also called Counter Reformation

31. Reforming Popes • Council of Trent • The Church's interpretation of the Bible was final. Anyone who said different was a heretic • Christians needed faith & good works for salvation. They were not saved by faith alone. • The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life • Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the selling of indulgences was banned

32. Reforming Popes Cont. • List of books dangerous to Catholic faith • Index of Forbidden Books • Burn over 10,000 books