DOMAIN

DOMAIN Bacteria

PHYLUM Proteobacteria

CLASS Gamma - Proteobacteria

ORDER Vibrionales

FAMILY Vibrionaceae

GENUS Vibrio

SPECIES Vibrio parahaemolyticus & Vibrio vulnificus

Vibrio parahaemolyticus • Halophilic • Gram negative rod • Facultative anaerobe • Warm marine and estuarine

Vibrio vulnificus • Halophilic • Gram negative rod • Facultative anaerobe • Warm marine and estuarine

V. parahaemolyticus Gastroenteritis Wound infection V. vulnificus Wound infection Gastroenteritis Primary septicemia DISEASES

INFECTION OF V.p. • Ingestion of un/under cooked shellfish, Exposure of Open Wound • Symptoms 4 -96 hours after ingestion • Attaches to the lining of the small intestine • Excretes an unidentified toxin

INFECTION OF V.v. • Ingestion of un/under cooked shellfish, Exposure of Open Wound • Symptoms 4 -96 hours after ingestion • Enters blood stream resulting in septic shock

V. parahaemolyticus Watery diarrhea Abdominal cramping Nausea Vomiting Fever Wound infections V. Vulnificus Wound infection Soft tissue infections Bloodstream infections Fever and chills Decreased blood pressure skin lesions death CLINAL FEATURES

RATES OF PATHOGENIC VIBRIO INFECTIONS

TESTING • Isolation by stool culture • Thiosulfate, citrate, bile salts, and sucrose (TCBS) media necessary • Rarely used by clinical laboratories

EPIDEMIOLOGY • UNITED STATES • 8000 Vibrio infections • 60 Vibrio related deaths

EPIDEMIOLOGYV. parahaemolyticus YEARLY • 3000 cases of infection • 40 hospitalizations • 7 deaths

MAJOR OUTBREAKS • July – August, 1997 • Oysters from CA, OR, WA and British Columbia • 209 infections, 1 death • July – September, 1998 • Oysters and Clams in Long Island Sound • CT, NJ, and NY residents

EPIDEMIOLOGYV. vulnificus YEARLY • 95 cases of infection • 85 hospitalizations • 35 deaths

V.v. CONTINUED • No recorded major outbreaks • 30 – 40% of all deaths caused by Vibrios • 50% mortality rate for “primary septicemia”

RESEARCH • Virulence factors • Toxin production • Antibiotic treatments

REFERENCES • Hatsumi Nasu, Tetsuya Iida,Tomomi Sugahara, Yoshiharu Yamaichi, Kwon-Sam Park, Katsushi Yokoyama, Kozo Makino, Hideo Shinagawa, and Takeshi Honda. “A Filamentous Phage Associated with Recent Pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 Strains.” Journal of Clinical Microbiology. June 2000, Vol. 38, No. 6 p. 2156-2161,Vibrio parahaemolyticus.” Online. Center for Disease Control. 23 November 2004. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/vibrioparahaemolyticus_t.htm • “Vibrio vulnificus.” Online. Center for Disease Control. 23 November 2004. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/vibriovulnificus_t.htm • “Vibrio parahaemolyticus.” Online. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. 2 December 2004. Available: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap9.html • “Vibrio vulnificus.” Online. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. 2 December 2004. Available: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap9.html • “Vibrio Vulnificus Illness Fact Sheet.” Online. Community Health Administration. 6 December 2004. Available: http://edcp.org/factsheets/vibrio.html • William B. Nilsson, Rohinee N. Paranjpye, Angelo DePaola, and Mark S. Strom. “Sequence Polymorphism of the 16S rRNA Gene of Vibrio vulnificus Is a Possible Indicator of Strain Virulence.” Journal of Clinical Microbiology. January 2003 Volume 41, no. 1, p. 442-446

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