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Understanding Plant Growth: The Role of Raw Materials and Photosynthesis

This chapter delves into the essential raw materials needed for plant growth, focusing on photosynthesis, respiration, and the movement of materials within plants. Discover how plants utilize sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create food, the structure and function of leaves, and the importance of chloroplasts in pigment absorption. Additionally, we explore the processes of cellular respiration and how they complement photosynthesis, highlighting the interplay between energy storage and usage in plant cells.

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Understanding Plant Growth: The Role of Raw Materials and Photosynthesis

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  1. Chapter 11 Section 1

  2. Taking in Raw Materials • To grow you need: • Food • Oxygen • Used to release energy from food that you eat • Carbon dioxide and water are produced as wastes that are removed when we exhale • What does a plant need to grow?

  3. Plants Need Food Too

  4. Movement of Materials in Plants • Plants make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and inorganic chemicals in the soil • They produce wastes when they make food

  5. Movement of Materials in Plants • Most water is taken in through the roots • Leaves are where gas exchange occurs • Most water taken in leaves through the plant leaves • Carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor enter and exit through the openings in the leaves

  6. Leaf Structure and Function • Outer cell layer is the epidermis • Cuticle prevents the leaf from drying out • Sunlight reaches cells inside the leaf through the epidermis • Contains stomata • Guard cells open and close

  7. Leaf Structure and Function • Stomata • More than 90% of water plants take in is lost through the stomata • Usually open during the day to take in raw materials to make food • Close during the day if too much water is being lost • Guard Cells • As water moves into the guard cells they swell and bend causing the stomata to open • As water is lost they deflate and close the stomata

  8. Leaf Structure and Function • Spongy cell layer • Has open spaces • Carbon dioxide and water vapor fill in the empty spaces • Palisade cell layer • Chloroplasts have chlorophyll here • Most of the food is made here

  9. Leaf Structure and Function

  10. Leaf Structure and Function

  11. Chloroplasts and Plant Pigments • Chloroplasts are green because they contain the green pigment chlorophyll • Leaves are green because the color green is reflected • The other colors of the visible spectrum are absorbed by the chlorophyll • In the fall some chlorophyll breaks down and other colors are visible

  12. Chloroplasts and Plant Pigments

  13. Food-Making Process • Photosynthesis: • Process in which chlorophyll traps light energy and sugar is produced • Only occurs in cells with chloroplasts

  14. Light-Dependent Reactions • Light-Dependent Reactions need light to occur • Chlorophyll traps light • Light causes water to split into oxygen and hydrogen • Oxygen leaves the plant • Hydrogen is used in the reactions that don’t require light

  15. Light-Dependent Reactions

  16. Light-Independent Reactions • Light-Independent Reactions do not require light • Carbon dioxide is used • Light that was trapped earlier combines with carbon dioxide to make sugar • 1 important sugar made is glucose

  17. Light-Dependent and Independent Reactions

  18. Light-Independent Reactions • Glucose is the main source of food for plants • Excess is stored as other sugars and starches in the plant • When you eat carrots, beets, potatoes, or onions you are eating stored sugar and starches

  19. Importance of Photosynthesis • 1: Produces food • 2: Release Oxygen and take in carbon dioxide

  20. Breakdown of Food • Cellular respiration: • Series of chemical reactions that breaks down food molecules and releases energy

  21. Cellular Respiration • 1st: Sugar molecules are broken down • 2nd: Smaller molecules enter mitochondria • 3rd: Oxygen breaks down the molecules into water and carbon dioxide • Releases energy

  22. Importance of Cellular Respiration • Food contains energy but not in a form most cells can use • Cellular respiration allows food to change into an energy form all cells can use • Plants use the energy to transport sugar and to open and close the stomata

  23. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

  24. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration • Photosynthesis: • Combines carbon dioxide and water by using light energy • End products are glucose and oxygen • Energy is stored in food • Occurs only in cells that have chlorophyll

  25. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration • Cellular Respiration: • Combines oxygen and food • Releases the energy in chemical bonds in food • End products are energy, carbon dioxide, and water • Has to have a mitochondria

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