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Development of Continental Drift

This comprehensive overview explores the foundational concepts of continental drift and plate tectonics, tracing the historical contributions of Frank Taylor and Alfred Wegener. From the recognition of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to the role of sea-floor spreading, the text examines evidence for plate movements and how they shape Earth’s geophysical landscape. It discusses divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries, the geological processes that drive them, and their implications, including earthquakes and volcanic activity. The journey from early theories to modern understanding highlights key scientific advancements.

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Development of Continental Drift

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  1. Development of Continental Drift • Frank Taylor (1910) • Alfred Wegener (1912) Die Entstehung Der Kontinente Und Ozeane

  2. Plate Tectonics • Continental Drift • Evidence of Plate Tectonics • Earth’s Structure • Plate Boundaries • Hot Spots

  3. The Permian Ice Age Problem

  4. Frank Taylor • Recognized role of Mid-Atlantic Ridge • Never reconstructed the continents like Wegener did

  5. Confirmation of Continental Drift • World War II technology • International Geophysical Year (IGY) 1957-58 • Worldwide Standardized Seismic Network 1963-

  6. The Geomagnetic Reversal Time Scale-Do Compass and Magnet Experiment

  7. Discovery of Sea-Floor Spreading

  8. Sea-Floor Spreading

  9. Where Does Ocean Crust Go? Hugo Benioff, 1954

  10. Benioff’s Interpretation

  11. Benioff’s Interpretation Updated

  12. Worldwide Standardized Seismic Network

  13. The Plate Tectonics Model

  14. The Plate Tectonics Model

  15. The Earth’s Plates

  16. Global Plate Motions

  17. What Drives It: Convection

  18. How Plates Move

  19. Reconstructing Plate Movements

  20. Fit of Continents Across the Atlantic

  21. Present Day Atlantic

  22. Atlantic 65 m.y. ago

  23. Geology of Plate Margins

  24. Ophiolites: Oceanic Crust

  25. Plate Boundaries • Divergent • Can create volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountains • Examples: Mid-Atlantic ridge, East Pacific Rise • Convergent • Can create volcanoes (continental and island arc), earthquakes, and mountains • Examples: Juan De Fuca Plate and North America Plate • Transform • Can create strong shallow earthquakes and folded mountains • Examples: San Andreas Fault

  26. Anatomy of a Mid-Ocean Ridge

  27. A Subduction Zone

  28. Why Mountains are High

  29. Where the Plates Meet

  30. Terrane Accretion

  31. Terranes in Western North America

  32. Plate Boundaries and Earthquakes

  33. Hot Spots

  34. Hot Spots: Hawaii

  35. Pacific Hot Spot Tracks

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