The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition

The Enjoyment of Music 10th Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

Unit XXIVPopular Styles “All riddles are blues, And all blues are sad, And I’m only mentioning Some blues I’ve had.” —Maya Angelou The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

71. Ragtime, Blues, and Early Jazz • Jazz • New Orleans • West African music, African American ceremonial and work songs • Ragtime African traditional herding song The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

Scott Joplin (1868–1917) and Ragtime • American teacher, composer, performer • “The King of Ragtime” • Ragtime as serious art form • Opera premiere (Treemonisha) • Died in New York in 1917 • Posthumous Pulitzer Prize • Steinway player piano rolls The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

Joplin: Maple Leaf Rag(Listening Guide) • Regular sectional form • Four strains, each repeated • Syncopated rhythms Listening Guide PDF “What is scurrilously called ragtime is an invention that is here to stay. That is now conceded by all classes of musicians…” —Scott Joplin The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

Blues and New Orleans Jazz Blues • Mood and harmonic progression • 12 (or 16) bars in length • Blue note • Texts: 3-line stanza, first 2 lines are the same • Vocal style from work songs • Improvisation The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

Louis Armstrong and Early Jazz • Louis Armstrong (1901-1971) • American musician (cornet and trumpet) • “Satchmo” • Chicago, New Orleans–style ensemble: King Oliver Creole Jazz Band • Great improviser • Mutes (range and tone color) • Heebie Jeebies scat singing • Jazz chorus Stop-time chorus Double-time choruses Solo choruses The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

The Jazz Singer Billie Holiday • Billie Holiday “Lady Day” (1915-1959) • American blues and jazz singer • Tragic childhood • Discovery, Benny Goodman • Drug and alcohol abuse • Died at 44 • Recognizable singing style “I can’t stand to sing the same song the same way two nights in succession, let alone two years or ten years. If you can, then it ain’t music; it’s close-order drill or exercise or yodeling or something, not music.” —Billie Holiday The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

Holiday: Billie’s Blues (Listening Guide) Artie Shaw on clarinet and Bunny Berigan on trumpet • 12-bar blues • Short introduction and six choruses • Three-line strophe becomes freer • Rhythmic flexibility “ don’t think I’m singing. I feel like I’m playing a horn. I try to improvise like… Louis Armstrong…what comes out is what I feel. I hate straight singing. I have to change a tune to my own way of doing it.” —Billie Holiday Listening Guide PDF The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

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72. The Swing Era and Beyond • Swing, or Big Band era = 1930s and 1940s • Opportunities for black musicians “What’s swinging in words? If a guy makes you pat your foot and if you feel it down your back, you don’t have to ask anyone if that’s good music or not. You can always feel it.” —Miles Davis The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

“Duke” Ellington and the Big Band Era • Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington (1899-1974) • American composer, pianist, orchestrator, and big-band leader • Arranged music • Brilliant orchestrator • Larger ensemble “Somehow I suspect that if Shakespeare were alive today, he might be a jazz fan himself.” —Duke Ellington The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

Bebop and Later Jazz Styles • Rebellion against big band • Bebop (also known as bop), two-note phrase • Dizzy Gillespie (trumpet), Charlie Parker (saxophone), Bud Powell, and Thelonious Monk (both piano) • Bebop substyles: • Cool jazz: Miles Davis • West Coast jazz: Dave Brubeck Quartet, Gerry Mulligan Quartet • Hard bop, soul jazz • Latin dance music brought into the mainstream (rumba) The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

Gillespie/ Parker: A Night in Tunisia (Listening Guide) • Charlie Parker (“Bird”) on saxophone, Miles Davis on trumpet • Introduction (ostinato in bass) • Tune is presented in Chorus 1 (A-A-B-A) form • Three improvised choruses follow • Coda (same ostinato as intro) closes the work Listening Guide PDF The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

The Merger of Classical and Jazz Styles • Composers drawn to ragtime, blues, and jazz • Debussy • Stravinsky • Ravel • Copland • Gershwin, etc. “The best music being written today… comes from folk sources. Jazz, ragtime, Negro spirituals and blues, Southern mountain songs, country fiddling, and cowboy songs can all be employed in the creation of American art-music, and are actually used by many composers now.” —George Gershwin The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

Gershwin and the Merger of two styles • George Gershwin (1898–1937) mastered the fusion of jazz and classical styles • Accomplished pianist and songwriter • Tin Pan Alley pianist • Musical theater productions: Girl Crazy, Porgy and Bess • Often collaborated with brother, Ira • Instrumental works were also popular: Rhapsody in Blue, Concerto in F, An American in Paris The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

73. Musical Theater The Development of American Musical Theater • European operetta (Gilbert and Sullivan) • Romantic plots, comic moments, appealing melodies • Large ensemble and dance numbers • Early vs. later plots The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

Composer/Lyricist Teams • Rodgers and Hart • Rodgers and Hammerstein • Lerner and Lowe “The hills are alive with the sound of music.” —Oscar Hammerstein II The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

Later Musicals • 1970s Stephen Sondheim increased sophistication • European composers took over the American genre • Andrew Lloyd Webber • Claude-Michel Schonberg • Disney and animated musicals (Beauty and the Beast, The Lion King) • Dance musicals (Riverdance, Stomp, Contact) • “Jukebox” musicals (Mamma Mia!) The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

Leonard Bernstein and the Broadway Musical • Bernstein (1918-1990) • American composer and conductor • New York Philharmonic • Serious and popular music • Symphonic and choral music, film music, and musical theater works • West Side Story: attemptedunion of jazz with musical theater “Any composer’s writing is the sum of himself, of all his roots and influences.” —Leonard Bernstein The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

Bernstein: West Side Story (Listening Guide) • Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet • Lyrics by Stephen Sondheim • Street gangs of New York City • Jets vs. Puerto Rican rivals, the Sharks • Latin dance music and jazz • Mambo(Afro-Cuban dance) • Tonight love duet in A-A-B-Aform found in jazz Listening Guide PDF The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

74. Rock and the Global Scene • Rock and Roll (1950s) • Origins in rhythm and blues, country-western, pop music, and gospel • Crossed racial lines • 1960s • Teen idols • Soul • Motown • Beatles • Non-Western musical influence (India) The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

Rock and the Global Scene • California Groups • Studio production (The Beach Boys) • Folk rock (Bob Dylan and Joan Baez) • Eclectic styles 1970 and beyond • Acid rock, art rock, Latin rock, punk rock, disco, reggae, new wave, etc. The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

The 1980s and Beyond • Music video and MTV • Technological developments • Rap, or hip hop • Grunge rock, alternative rock, global pop The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

Country-Western Music • Country-western (Appalachian folk songs) Hillbilly music • Hollywood, singing cowboys of the 1930s • The Grand Ol’ Opry Bluegrass, Nashville sound • Honkytonk • 1970s: classic country,mainstream country • Crossover hits 1980s, 90ss • Garth Brooks, Shania Twain The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

Global Pop • Movement, not a single style • Third world, ethnic, and traditional music • Collaborations between Western and non-Western musicians The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

BeauSoleil and the Revival of Cajun Music • Southwestern Louisiana • Creoles, Cajuns • French as a common language • Cajun music: vocal, influenced by all southern music • Zydeco music: African American, Caribbean, and Cajun styles • Voice, fiddle, accordion, electric guitar, washboard The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

Think of Me (Jongle à moi),by BeauSoleil(Listening Guide) • BeauSoleil performance • Traditional dance song • Cajun fiddle techniques Drones Double stops Slides Trills • Text is in Cajun French Listening Guide PDF The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition