1. Civilian Casualties European Wars Two professional armies Rank and file Open field U.S. Civil War General Sherman “scorched earth policy” Unconditional surrender World War I Civilian deaths in Belgium Armenian Genocide World War II Civilian deaths Rape of Nanjing Nazi bombing of Britain Allied bombing of Dresden Holocaust Unconditional surrender “Total war” Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Vietnam War 40,000 American deaths 2,000,000 civilian deaths September 11 2,996 American deaths Iraq War 4,484 American deaths 66,081 Iraqi Civilians