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Cell Structures and Organelles: Functions and Characteristics

Explore the different organelles found in cells and their functions. Learn about the cell membrane, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, vesicles, mitochondria, lysosomes, centrioles, cilia, flagella, cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts.

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Cell Structures and Organelles: Functions and Characteristics

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  1. Cells & Organelles Cell: Smallest unit that performs all life processes Organelle: “mini organ” Any functioning part of a cell

  2. Organelles… There are some organelles that are found in all cells There are some found in animals, but not plants There are some found in plants, but not animals

  3. Organelles of all cells

  4. Cell membrane • Composed of phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates • Outermost organelle of animal cells & protists • Regulates what enters/leaves all cells in: oxygen, nutrients, water out: carbon dioxide, waste, products of the cell

  5. Cytoskeleton • Made of microtubules and microfilaments • Provides internal support to cell • Aids in cell movement and division • Secures organelles

  6. Cytoplasm • Jelly-like fluid that gives form/supports organelles

  7. Ribosomes • Made of protein and rRNA • Protein factories: translate gene code (segment of DNA) into protein • May be suspended in cytoplasm or attached to ER • Smallest organelle

  8. Organelles of most eukaryotic cells

  9. Nucleus • Enclosed by nuclear membrane, stores DNA • Site of RNA transcription • Regulates cell identity, growth& division

  10. Nucleolus • Site of ribosome production

  11. Endoplasmic Reticulum, ER • Tubular canal (of membrane) connecting CM to nuclear membrane • May be Smooth or Rough (studded w/ribosomes) • Smooth: some lipids are assembled here • Smooth: breaks down toxins • Rough: builds proteins

  12. Golgi body • Composed of flattened membranous sacs • Modifies some proteins produced by rough ER …tears, sweat, hair, nails, etc. • Packages products into vesicles for transport

  13. Vesicle • Membrane-bound pouches used to transport substances through the cell

  14. Mitochondria • Membrane-bound, bean-shaped organelle w/folded membrane interior • Releases energy to the cell …for growth, division and assembling cell products

  15. Organelles found in animals, but not in plants

  16. Lysosome • Specialized vesicle • Filled w/enzymes to break down …food, invaders, old cell parts & send recycled parts back to cytoplasm for reuse Not typically found in plants

  17. Centrioles • Composed of protein, assist in division of animal cells • Appear only for cell division

  18. Organelles specialized for locomotion

  19. Cilia and Flagella Cilia are numerous short, hair-like projectionsmade of protein that aid in movement

  20. Cilia and Flagella Flagella are longer, whip-like projectionsmade of protein that aid in movement

  21. Organelles found in plants, but not in animals

  22. Cell wall • Composed of • cellulose in plants • glycoprotien in bacteria and fungi • Porous, external structural support • Located outside the CM

  23. Central vacuole • Specialized vacuole (larger, non- transporting vesicle), stores water, food, minerals…sap • Up to 90% of plant cell’s volume… turgor pressure: perky when full, wilted when low

  24. Turgor pressure

  25. Chloroplast • In plants & some protists • Absorbs & converts sun’s energy into chemical E through photosynthesis Would you expect to find chloroplast in roots? An onion? Carrot?

  26. 3-D journey • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1dp7tSC3Wg&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVqJdAqTD4Q&feature=related

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  39. Steps involved in cell product assembly

  40. 1. DNA in the nucleus contains the recipe for proteins

  41. 2. RNA is transcribed and carries the recipe/code to the ribosome (on rough ER or in cytoplasm) for protein assembly

  42. 3. The amino acids and other raw materials are brought in through the CM or are recycled bits released by the lysosome.

  43. 4. Proteins may be sent in a vesicle to the Golgi apparatus for modification and packaging

  44. 5. Finished products leave the Golgi body packaged in a vesicle and are secreted through the CM

  45. 6. This process uses the energy provided by mitochondria.

  46. Part 3: Cell Structures and Organelles iPad Resource iCell App Great for learning the parts / functions of cells!

  47. Part 3: Cell Structures and Organelles Online Resources Cells Alive! (http://www.cellsalive.com) Sheppard Software’s Cell Games (http://www.sheppardsoftware.com) Great for learning the parts / functions of cells!

  48. Part 3: Cell Structures and Organelles Read pg 196-202, 206-207 Complete Homework 4-2

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