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Chapter 14. Mexico and Central America” Pages 424-452. Key Terms. 1) Migrant Worker 8) Panama Canal 2) Plaza 9) Lock 3) Squatter 10) Canal Zone 4) Ladino 11) Econtourism 5) Land Reform 6) Political Movement 7) Strike. Mexico. At first, the colors meant:
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Chapter 14 Mexico and Central America” Pages 424-452
Key Terms 1) Migrant Worker 8) Panama Canal 2) Plaza 9) Lock 3) Squatter 10) Canal Zone 4) Ladino 11) Econtourism 5) Land Reform 6) Political Movement 7) Strike
Mexico At first, the colors meant: • Green: was a sign of independence from Spain. • White: Religion, faith or belief, the Roman Catholic faith. • Red: Union among Americans and Europeans • The last accepted, modern definitions are: • Green: Hope in the future. • White: Unity among the Mexican people. • Red: The blood of the Mexican heroes.
Rural Mexico • Campesinos – poor Latin American farmer or farm worker. • Subsistence farming is wide spread. • Many are migrant workers. • People moving to cities due to lack of farmland. • Best farmland is in southern Mexican plateau. • Plazas provide everything people need.
Mexico City • Over 20 million people live here. • Built at location of Tenochtitlan the old Aztec capital. • Very overcrowded with extreme amounts of traffic. • Many live in squatter settlements • Pollution and poverty are major problems. • Fresh water supplies are inadequate and they pump water from 100 miles away. • Mountains contain smog causing more pollution.
Guatemala Flag The quetzal, the national bird of Guatemala, symbolizes freedom. The blue bands stand for the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The weapons represent the defense of liberty. Effective date: 15 September 1968.
Guatemala(Native Americans) • Native Americans are the majority (23 ethnic groups with own languages and customs) • Mayans are most populated indigenous (native) group. • Mayans are poor, lack education, and face great discrimination from the wealthy Ladinos. • Mayans live in the mountains of Guatemala. • Village markets are very important. • Mayans struggle because of unfair land distribution. • Mayans cannot prove land ownership (most are illiterate) • Mayans think of themselves as Maya and not Guatemalan.
Guatemala (Ladinos) • Ladinos own most of the land and all of the best farmland. • Wealthy landowners have control over government. • Civil War (1960-1996) – military overthrow of government and Mayas lost basically everything and were forced off their land.
Political Movement NukuiAkpop (noo Koo ahK POHP) 1996 Agreement Ended Civil War Government agreed to rebuild Mayan villages. In 2000 many protests were held because human rights The fight for equal rights continues today. • Organization that fights poverty among Mayans. • Brings human rights to Mayas. • Helps develop protection for villages. • Teaches Mayas to read and write. • Helps defend Mayas’ land rights.
Farming Comparison Mayan Farming Ladino Farming Farm lowlands and most fertile regions. Develop large plantations. Grow mainly coffee, bananas, and sugarcane. Export crops for profit. Build expensive haciendas. • Farm highland regions. • Grow mostly maize, beans, and squash. • Soil is difficult to farm. • Mainly subsistence farmers. • Sell some crops in village markets.
Panama The Panama flag's colors symbolize the two political parties of Panama, the Liberals, which are red and the Conservatives, which are blue. The white represents peace between them and the equal division of the colors states that they both govern the country at different times. The colors of the Panamanian flag also have alternative meanings. The blue symbolizes the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea and red represents the blood spilt for Panama's independence. The blue star symbolizes the civic virtues of purity and honesty and the red star represents the authority of the law. Together they symbolize loyalty and resilience. This is the meaning of Panama's flag.
Early Crossings of Isthmus of Panama • Since 1500’s a shortcut through the Americas was needed to shorten trip by 7800 miles. • 1534- Spain built a 7’ wide road across isthmus of Panama. • Late 1800’s US built a railroad across isthmus.
France’s Attempt at Panama Canal History Problems Mud slides and mountain range made digging canal difficult. Tropical rain forest covered entire area. Diseases such as malaria and yellow fever killed over 20,000 workers. French company goes bankrupt. • 1881 Panama is part of Colombia. • France gets rights to build canal.
Unites State’s Attempt at Canal History Controlling Mosquitoes Mosquitoes were carriers of diseases. Burned sulfur in every home. Covered boats with mesh. Filled in swamps which were the breeding grounds. Without control of mosquitoes canal would not have been built. • US buys France’s equipment. • 1903 US helps Panama revolt against Colombia. • US gets rights to build canal. • President Theodore Roosevelt led movement to build canal.
Canal Zone US Control Today Panama has full control over the canal. Industries grew in region (warehousing and manufacturing) Leading banking and finance center. Location of 5 international Fiber-Optics Networks (telephone/computer hubs) • Original treaty gave US control over zone forever. • US set up 14 military bases to secure canal. • US had right to invade Panama if necessary. • 1977 President Jimmy Carter re-organized the treaty. • 1999 Canal turned over to Panama.
Canal Facts • Canal is 50 miles in length between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. • Takes approximately 9 hours for a ship to travel canal. • Canal uses 3 sets of locks (Gatun ,Pedro Miguel, and Miraflores Locks) • Locks were built in pairs allowing two vessels to use canal at same time. • Lake Gatun helps canal function. • 52 million gallons of water are needed per ship to use canal. • Canal functions 24/7 365 days a year and has only been closed twice.
