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Biological molecules

Biological molecules. Properties of carbon C arbohydrates. What are biological molecules made of?. All have carbon and hydrogen May include oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur Can form many shapes. Functional chemical groups. Functional chemical groups. Form hydrogen bonds

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Biological molecules

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  1. Biological molecules Properties of carbon Carbohydrates

  2. What are biological molecules made of? • All have carbon and hydrogen • May include oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur • Can form many shapes

  3. Functional chemical groups

  4. Functional chemical groups • Form hydrogen bonds • Isomers (ketones and aldehydes) • Can ionize in water • Can interact within a molecule • Can make a positively or negatively charged part of a molecule

  5. Isomers • Structural- arrangement of covalent bonds • Geometric- cis and trans • Enantiomers (chiral, stereo) • Living systems tend to produce one or the other • The “wrong” form can be harmful

  6. How are biological molecules formed?

  7. Carbohydrates: (CH2O)n • Important energy storage molecules • Huge diversity of forms • Can help distinguish individuals within a species (or even different molecules)

  8. Monosaccharides (simple sugars) • Typically contain 3-7 carbons • 5- and 6-carbon sugars are especially important in living systems • Many of these sugars have isomers

  9. Structures of glucose

  10. Isomers of 6-carbon molecules

  11. Monosaccharides form disaccharides Lactose is found in milk Plants form sucrose Glycosidic linkage joins the two

  12. Polysaccharides may contain thousands of glycosidic linkages • Major polysaccharides include glycogen, starch, and cellulose • Polymers of glucose • Vary by sugar linkages and origin

  13. Glycogen and starch

  14. Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide

  15. Chitin is also a structural polysaccharide • Building block of exoskeletons of arthropods • Calcium carbonate makes it rigid • Also found in cell walls of fungi

  16. Oligosaccharides are very common in nature • cryst.bbk.ac.uk

  17. Purposes of oligosaccharides • Stability • Signaling • Usually linked to proteins or lipids • Can be useful in identification (e.g., blood typing)

  18. The story so far…. • Biological molecules have a carbon backbone • Carbohydrates have the general formula (CH2O)n • Carbohydrates are important sources of energy • Carbohydrates are diverse in structure, function, and distribution

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