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Understanding Biological Molecules: The Role of Carbon and Major Macromolecules in Life

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This chapter explores the essential biological molecules that constitute life, focusing on carbon as the primary organic element. It discusses functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl, highlighting their contribution to the properties and functions of organic compounds. Key macromolecules, including carbohydrates (for energy and structure), nucleic acids (for heredity and energy transfer), and proteins (diverse functions and structures), are examined. The processes of dehydration reactions and hydrolysis that lead to the formation and breakdown of these polymers are also explained.

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Understanding Biological Molecules: The Role of Carbon and Major Macromolecules in Life

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  1. Biological Molecules John Ireland Chapter 3 Bio162

  2. Carbon, The Organics Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Proteins Lipids

  3. Carbon, the Organic Element

  4. Biological Molecules are Organic

  5. Functional Groups, subunits of structure

  6. Hydroxyl (-OH)

  7. Carboxyl (-COOH)

  8. Amino (-NH2)

  9. Sulfhydryl (-SH)

  10. Phosphate (PO4)

  11. Methyl (-CH3)

  12. Together these groups give organic molecules their functions

  13. How do we go from small molecules to large polymers?

  14. Dehydration Reaction

  15. HO H H HO

  16. How do we break them back apart?

  17. Hydrolysis

  18. HO H H HO

  19. Carbohydrates, the Sugars

  20. Carbohydrates are polymers of Simple Sugars

  21. Carbohydrates have two functions

  22. Structural

  23. Energy Storage

  24. Function comes from Structure

  25. Structure comes from the arrangement of monomers

  26. New Arrangement = New Function

  27. Nucleic Acids, Information

  28. Nucleic Acids are polymers of nucleotides

  29. Nucleic Acids have two functions

  30. Heredity

  31. Energy Transfer

  32. Function is determined bythe order of nucleotides

  33. Proteins, Diverse Functions

  34. Proteins are linear polymers of amino acids

  35. Amino Acids have an amino and a carboxylic acid functional group

  36. There are twenty natural amino acids.

  37. In essence, they are a chemistry tool kit.

  38. Amino Acids bind together by peptide bonds

  39. Proteins are extremely varied in Function

  40. Function is derived from Structure

  41. Structure is an emergent property.

  42. There are four levels of structure.

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