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Biological Molecules

Biological Molecules. BIO 1113/1114 Oklahoma City Community College. Dennis Anderson. Organic Compounds. Large molecules containing Carbon. Four Covalent Bonds in Carbon. Structural Formula. H. H. H. C. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. C. C. C. C. C. C. H. H. H. H. H. H.

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Biological Molecules

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  1. Biological Molecules BIO 1113/1114 Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson

  2. Organic Compounds Large molecules containing Carbon

  3. Four Covalent Bonds in Carbon

  4. Structural Formula H H H C H

  5. H H H H H H H C C C C C C H H H H H H Carbon Chain H

  6. Carbohydrates • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • 1 Carbon: 2 Hydrogens: 1 Oxygen • C6H12O6 = Glucose • Energy source for cells of the body

  7. Monosaccharides = Single Sugars Glucose Fructose Galactose Building Blocks of Carbohydrates

  8. Fructose Glucose Galactose Glucose Sugar Metabolism

  9. OH OH OH H OH H H C C C C C C O H H H OH H Energy stored in covalent bonds Glucose

  10. Glucose Forms a Ring Monosaccharide

  11. Monosaccharide Disaccharide = 2 Sugars • Sucrose • Glucose + Fructose • Lactose • Glucose + Galactose • Maltose • Glucose + Glucose

  12. Monosaccharide Polysaccharide = Many Sugars Starch Glycogen

  13. Starchy Food Glucose Glucose Glycogen Blood Liver Carbohydrate Metabolism

  14. (a) Potato (b) Liver (c) Algae (d) Tick Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin

  15. Lipids • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Not in a 1:2:1 ratio as carbohydrates

  16. Lipid Types • Fats and Oils (Neutral Fats) • Store Energy • Phospholipids • Make Up Cell Membrane • Steroids • Regulate Body Processes

  17. TriglycerideMakes Up Fats and Oils • One Glycerol • Three Fatty Acids

  18. Triglyceride G Fatty Acid l y c Fatty Acid e r o Fatty Acid l

  19. H H OH C H OH C H OH C H Glycerol

  20. C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H Fatty Acid O HO

  21. O O H H O C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H O C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O C H

  22. G Fatty Acid Fatty Acid l y Phosphate c e r o l Phospholipid

  23. Steroid Backbone of Some Lipids

  24. Important Steroids • Cholesterol • Vitamin D • Estrogen • Testosterone

  25. Protein • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Nitrogen

  26. O H H OH H C C C H Amino Acids Building Blocks of Proteins Twenty Kinds of Amino Acids NH2

  27. AA AA AA AA AA AA Peptide Bond Protein Molecule Chain of Amino Acids

  28. Protein Properties • Millions of different proteins are possible from the various combinations of 20 amino acids • Sequence of amino acids determines protein shape and function • Analogy • UNITED-----UNTIED • PHEASANT----- PEASANT • Sickle cell anemia • ONE amino acid in hemoglobin different

  29. Enzymes • Specialized Proteins • Catalysts • speed up chemical reactions

  30. Product C A B

  31. A B Enzyme

  32. Nucleic Acids • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Nitrogen • Phosphorous

  33. Nucleic Acid Types • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) • Stores genetic information for making all body parts • Copies itself every time a cell divides • RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) • Performs one set of instructions from DNA

  34. Sugar Base Phosphate Nucleotides Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids

  35. Sugar Sugar Phosphate Phosphate Sugar Sugar Base Base Base Base Phosphate Phosphate Nucleic Acid Molecule

  36. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Stores and releases small packets of energy

  37. Structure of ATP Adenine Phosphates Ribose

  38. Energy

  39. THE END

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