Option D

1. Option D D.8 drug action

2. Some aspects of molecular structure that affect drug action • stereo isomerism • geometric (cis/trans) • optical isomerism (enantiomers) • strain in ring structure • molecular polarity (solubility and uptake)

3. Example: geometric isomerism in diaminedichloro platinum (II) cisplatin transplatin cannot act as an antic-cancer drug as nitrogen atoms are too far apart to react with DNA – no pharmaceutical effect Inorganic transition complex with a square planar shape, 900 bond angles and dative covalent bonds • can act as an anti-cancer drug as, because of its orientation, it can bond with DNA in the nucleus of cancer cells.

4. Optical isomerism • Synthesis of chiral drug molecules in laboratories produces racemic mixtures i.e. equimolar solution of both enantiomers. • Such drugs were often prescribed as racemic mixtures. • Each enantiomer has different biological activity as they behave differently with other chiral molecules. • Some enantiomers are harmful.

5. Optical isomerism Carbon atoms in ring structures can also be chiral if the part of the ring on one side of the carbon atom is different from the part of the ring on the other side of the carbon atom. Each side of a ring is classified a different group if, when moving around the ring from the chiral centre, the order of atoms is different each way. It is said the chiral atom has two different views around the ring.

6. thalomide Identify the chiral carbon in the structure below • One enantiomer alleviates morning sickness in pregnant women • other enantiomer causes deformities in the limbs of the fetus

7. More examples of chiral drugs • Ibuprofen: one enantiomer is more effective than the other • DOPA: this is a drug which is used in the treatment of Parkinson disease; one isomer is effective whilst the other isomer has no physiological effect • Fluotexine. • Morphine: one form is analgesic, the other is not.

8. Effect of chirality on development • Each enantiomer of a chiral drug must be tested for its physiological effects. • Modern drugs may have only one enantiomeric form instead of a racemic mixture. This achieved by using chiral auxiliaries – see D9.

9. beta-lactam ring in penicillin a four-membered square ring structure which contains an amide group (-CONH-) and consists of one nitrogen atom and three carbon atoms (and two hydrogen atoms).

10. beta-lactam ring • For each carbon and the nitrogen atom, identify the type of hybridisation and preferred bond angles around each atom. • Referring to bond angles say why the ring is a strained structure

11. beta-lactam ring • Strains makes ring reactive. • Ring easily breaks open in the amide group, for instance, in the presence of an enzyme such as transpeptidase, to form covalent bonds with the transpeptidase. • This deactivates the transpeptidase that synthesizes the bacterial cell walls, thus inhibiting the growth of bacterial cell walls. • As a result water enters the bacteria cell causing it to burst due to increased osmotic pressure.

12. Heroin more potent than morphine morphine heroin Both hydroxyl groups replaced by ester groups • Two hydroxyl groups

13. Heroin more potent than morphine • Diamorphine is less polar than morphine as it does not have the polar hydroxyl groups anymore but two non-polar ester groups. • Diamorphine (heroin) cannot form any hydrogen bonds and is therefore less soluble in polar substances such as water but more soluble in non-polar fatty tissue, which makes up the central nervous system. • Heroin can therefore cross the blood-brain barrier faster/more easily than morphine.