A b n o r m a l P s y c h o l o g y A.K.A. Psychological Disorders

1. AbnormalPsychology A.K.A. Psychological Disorders A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive and unjustifiable. (* Adapted from websource)

2. Early Theories • Abnormal behavior was thought to be evil spirits trying to get out. • Trephining was often used

3. Perspectives and Disorders

4. DSM 5 • Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the big book of disorders. • DSM will classify disorders and describe the symptoms. • DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible cures.

5. Some of the Major Disorder Classifications • Anxiety Disorders • Somatoform Disorders • Dissociative Disorders • Mood Disorders • Schizophrenic/Psychotic Disorders • Personality Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Eating Disorders

6. Anxiety Disorders • a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety. • the patient fears something awful willhappen to them. • They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.

7. Phobias • A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread or abject terror • Must be an irrational fear • Visit: http://phobialist.com/ Coulrophobia Papaphobia Metrophobia Katsaridaphobia

8. Generalized Anxiety DisorderGAD • An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. • The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia.

9. Panic Disorder • An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.

10. Obsessive –Compulsive Disorder • Obsessions are recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that cause distressing emotions such as anxiety or disgust. [People with OCD recognize that the thoughts, impulses, or images are a product of their mind and are excessive or unreasonable.] • Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession. The behaviors are aimed at preventing or reducing distress or a feared situation. [In the most severe cases, a constant repetition of rituals may fill the day, making a normal routine impossible.] 

11. (OCD) Compulsions, cont. • Cleaning To reduce the fear that real or imagined germs, dirt, or chemicals will "contaminate" them some spend many hours washing themselves or cleaning their surroundings. • Repeating To dispel anxiety, some utter a name or phrase, or repeat a behavior several times. They know these repetitions won’t actually guard against injury but fear harm will occur if the repetitions aren’t done. • CheckingTo reduce the fear of harming oneself or others by, for example, forgetting to lock the door or turn off the gas stove, some develop checking rituals. Some also repeatedly retrace driving routes to be sure they haven’t hit anyone. • Ordering and arrangingTo reduce discomfort, some like to put objects, such as books in a certain order, or arrange household items “just so”, or in a symmetric fashion, or to have things perfect. • Mental compulsionsIn response to intrusive obsessive thoughts, some silently pray or say phrases (again & again) to reduce anxiety or prevent a dreaded future event.

12. Post-traumatic Stress Disordera.k.a. PTSD • Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event. • Memories of the even cause anxiety.

13. Somatoform Disorders • Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom. • Two types……

14. Hypochondriasis • Has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause. • They usually believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more severe illnesses.

15. Conversion Disorder • Report the existence of severe physical problems with no biological reason. • Like blindness or paralysis. Pol Pot

16. Dissociative Disorders • These disorders involve a disruption in the conscious process. • Three primary types….

17. Psychogenic Amnesia • A person cannot remember things with no physiological basis for the disruption in memory. • Retrograde Amnesia • NOT organic amnesia. (Organic amnesia can be retrograde or anterograde)

18. Dissociative Fugue • Dissociative Fugue is one or more episodes of amnesia in which the inability to recall some or all of one’s past and either the loss of one’s identity or the formation of a new identity occur with sudden, unexpected, purposeful travel away from home. Specific symptoms include: • The predominant disturbance is sudden, unexpected travel away from home or one’s customary place of work, with inability to recall one’s past. • Confusion about personal identity or assumption of a new identity (partial or complete). • The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of Dissociative Identity Disorder and is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g., temporal lobe epilepsy).

19. Dissociative Identity Disorder • Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct or splitidentities or personality states that continually have power over the person's behavior. • With dissociative identity disorder, there's also an inability to recall key personal information that is too far-reaching to be explained as mere forgetfulness. With dissociative identity disorder, there are also highly distinct memory variations, which fluctuate with the person's split personality. • The "alters" or different identities have their own age, sex, or race. Each has his or her own postures, gestures, and distinct way of talking. Sometimes the alters are imaginary people; sometimes they are animals. • As each personality reveals itself and controls the individuals' behavior and thoughts, it's called "switching." Switching can take seconds to minutes to days. When under hypnosis, the person's different "alters" or identities may be very responsive to the therapist's requests.

20. Mood Disorders Extreme or inappropriate emotions

21. Major Depression • A.K.A. unipolar depression • Unhappy for at least two weeks with no apparent cause. • Depression is the common cold of psychological disorders.

22. Seasonal Affective Disorder • Experience depression during the winter months. • Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight. • Treated with light therapy.

23. Bipolar Disorder • Formally called manic depression. • Involves periods of depression and manic episodes. • Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable). • Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode.

24. Personality Disorders • Well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function.

25. Antisocial Personality Disorder • Lack of empathy. • Little regard for other’s feelings. • View the world as hostile and look out for themselves.

26. Borderline Personality Disorder • The main feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and emotions. People with borderline personality disorder are also usually very impulsive, oftentimes demonstrating self-injurious behaviors (risky sexual behaviors, cutting, suicide attempts).

27. Dependent Personality Disorder • characterized by a long-standing need for the person to be taken care of and a fear of being abandoned or separated from important individuals in his or her life. • This leads the person to engage in dependent and submissive behaviors that are designed to elicit care-giving behaviors in others. • The dependent behavior may be see as being “clingy” to others, because the person fears they can’t live their lives without the help of others.

28. Histrionic Personality Disorder • Characterized by a long-standing pattern of attention seeking behavior and extreme emotionality. • These people want to be the center of attention in any group of people and feel uncomfortable when they are not. • While often lively, interesting and sometimes dramatic, they have difficulty functioning when people aren’t focused exclusively on them. • People with this disorder may be perceived as being shallow and may engage in sexually seductive or provocative behavior to draw attention to themselves.

29. Narcissistic Personality Disorder • Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance & a belief that you are the center of the universe. • characterized by a long-standing pattern of grandiosity (either in fantasy or actual behavior), an overwhelming need for admiration, and usually a complete lack of empathy toward others.

30. Schizophrenia • Is a chronic brain disorder that affects more than one percent of the population. • About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia. • Researchers believe that a number of biological and environmental factors play a role in the disease’s onset and course. • However, scientists do not yet know which factors produce the illness. 

31. Types of Symptoms (Schizophrenia) • Positive symptomsHallucinations, such as hearing voices, paranoid delusions, and exaggerated or distorted perceptions, beliefs, and behaviors.Negative symptoms A loss or a decrease in the ability to initiate plans, speak, express emotion, or find pleasure. • Cognitive symptomsConfused and disordered speech, problems with memory, trouble with logical thinking, and difficulty paying attention and making decisions. [Symptoms usually first appear in early adulthood. Men often experience symptoms in their early 20s and women typically first show signs of the disease in their late 20s and early 30s.]

32. Disorganized Thinking • The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs. • Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in selective attention.- they cannot filter out information.

33. Delusions (false beliefs) • Delusions of Persecution • Delusions of Grandeur

34. Disturbed Perceptions • hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

35. Inappropriate Emotions and Actions • Laughing at inappropriate times • Flat affect: A severe reduction in emotional expressiveness • Catatonia- stoic, motionless

36. Positive v. Negative Symptoms Negative Symptoms • Absence of appropriate ones. Positive Symptoms • Presence of inappropriate symptoms

37. Types of Schizophrenia (DSM-IV)

38. Disorganized Schizophrenia • disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion. • Clang associations • "Imagine the worstSystematic, sympatheticQuite pathetic, apologetic, paramedicYour heart is prosthetic"

39. Paranoid Schizophrenia • preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations. • Somebody is out to get me!!!!

40. Catatonic Schizophrenia • Flat effect • Waxy Flexibility • parrot like repeating of another’s speech and movements

41. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia • Many and varied Symptoms.

42. Therapy • It used to be that if someone exhibited abnormal behavior, they were institutionalized. • Because of new drugs and better therapy, the U.S. went to a policy of deinstitutionalization.

43. Psychoanalytic Therapy • Psychoanalysis (manifest and latent content through: hypnosis, free association, ink blot interpretation, dream analysis, etc.) • Try to tap into the Unconscious

44. Humanistic Therapy • Client-Centered Therapy [Carl Rogers] • These are non-directive therapies and use active listening(a particular form of listening and is communication technique used in counselling, training and conflict resolution, which requires the listener to feed back what they hear to the speaker, by way of re-stating or paraphrasing what they have heard in their own words, to confirm what they have heard and moreover, to confirm the understanding of both parties). • Self-actualization - Self-actualization, according to Maslow, represents growth of an individual toward fulfillment of the highest needs; those for meaning in life, in particular • free-will - Humanistic psychologists explicitly endorse the idea that people have free will and are capable of choosing their own actions (although they may not always realize this). They also take the view that all people have a tendency towards growth and the fulfillment of their potential. • unconditional positive regard- differs from unconditional love in that there need not be actual feelings of warmth and affection behind the attitude. Rather, unconditional positive regard requires that a person be warm and accepting even when another person has done something questionable. Humanistic psychologists believe that: • An individual's behavior is primarily determined by his perception of the world around him. • Individuals are not solely the product of their environment. • Individuals are internally directed and motivated to fulfill their human potential.

45. Behavioral Therapies BT: The premise is that all behavior is learned; faulty learning (i.e. conditioning) is the cause of abnormal behavior. Therefore the individual has to learn the correct or acceptable behavior.  Counterconditioning - the conditioning of an unwanted behavior or response to a stimulus into a wanted behavior or response by the association of positive actions with the stimulus. Classical Conditioning • Aversive Conditioning - Aversion therapy is a form of psychological treatment in which the patient is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously being subjected to some form of discomfort. • Systematic desensitization - The goal of systematic desensitization is to overcome this avoidance pattern by gradually exposing patients to the phobic object until it can be tolerated.  • Flooding -  The underlying theory behind flooding is that a phobia is a learned fear, and needs to be unlearned by exposure to the thing that you fear. Operant Conditioning • Token Economy -- Atoken economy is a form of behavior modification designed to increase desirable behavior and decrease undesirablebehavior with the use of tokens.

46. Cognitive Therapy • Changes the way we view the world (change our schemas) • A schema is a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information.  • Cognitive therapy (or cognitive behavioral therapy) helps the client to uncover and alter distortions of thought or perceptions which may be causing or prolonging psychological distress.

47. Somatic Therapy (or Body Oriented Psychotherapy) • Somatic treatments for mood disorders represent a class of interventions available either as a stand-alone option, or in combination with psychopharmacology, psychosurgeryand/or psychotherapy (ex: talk-therapy). • Techniques are grouped into the following categories: • seizuretherapies, including electroconvulsive therapy and magnetic seizure therapy • noninvasivetechniques, including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and cranial electric stimulation • surgicalapproaches, including vagus nerve stimulation epidural electrical stimulation, and deep brain stimulation

48. Somatic Therapy: Psychopharmacology • Antipsychotics (thorazine, haldol) • Anti-anxiety (valium, barbiturates, Xanax) • Mood Disorders (serotonin reuptake inhibitors) • Bipolar (lithium)

49. Group Therapy • a type of psychotherapy that involves one (or more) therapists working with several people at the same time • The key advantages of group therapy include: 1) allows people to receive the support and encouragement of the other members of the group, 2) Group members can serve as role models to other members of the group, 3) Group therapy is very cost effective for the individual participants, 4) Group therapy offers a safe haven for people intimidated by one-on-one therapy, 5) By working in a group, the therapist can see first-hand how each person responds to other people and behaves in social situations