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Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

Learn about the major organic compounds in living things, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Understand their structures, functions, food sources, and importance in living organisms.

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Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

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  1. Organic Chemistry is the study of chemical reactions in living things. C,H,O,N – Although every thing found on earth or in the entire universe is made of a combination of the elements in the periodic table, the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are the most common elements found in living things.

  2. Inorganic compounds: Compounds that do not contain both the elements carbon and hydrogen Examples: Water (H2O), salts (NaCl), carbon dioxide (CO2) Organic compounds: Compounds that do contain both the elements carbon and hydrogen Examples: Carbohydrates (C6H12O6) and proteins Now let’s focus on the major organic compounds carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

  3. Organic Compounds:Carbohydrates Chemistry of Carbohydrates Molecular Formula: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) Always a 2:1 ratio of H to O Structural Model: 6 Carbon Sugar Glucose (C6H12O6) Hint: Look for the ring! Building Blocks: Simple Sugars

  4. Organic Compounds:Carbohydrates Food Sources / Functions Foods: Bread, pasta, potatoes, candy, soda, cookies, cereal, fruit juice, etc. Uses in Living Things: 1. Used as an energy source. Provides energy for cells during respiration in the mitochondria. 2. Used as energy storage in plants and animals.

  5. Organic Compounds:Carbohydrates Examples Monosaccharide Simple Sugars – one ring Examples: Glucose, Galactose, Fructose Disaccharide Double Sugars – two rings Examples: Maltose, Sucrose Polysaccharide Many Sugars – many rings. These complex carbohydrates are too big to fit through the cell membrane. They must be digested or broken down into simple sugars before they can be used to fuel cellular respiration!

  6. Organic Compounds:Carbohydrates Examples Polysaccharide Examples: Starch is sugar storage form in plants, potatoes have a lot of starch! So does corn that is why it is so sweet. Animals store sugar asglycogen in the liver. Cellulose is another polysaccharide found in cell walls of plant cells. Humans are unable to digest cellulose so it passes through their digestive system.

  7. Organic Compounds:Proteins Chemistry of Proteins Molecular Formula: C H O N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen Structural Model: Hint: Look for the amino group end and the carboxyl group end! Building Blocks: Amino Acids

  8. Organic Compounds:Proteins Food Sources /Functions Foods: Meat, fish, nuts, eggs and beans Uses in Living Things: • Building materials for synthesis • Enzymes to control reactions • Hormones • Cell Receptors The sequence of amino acids determines a proteins shape. A proteins shape determines its function.

  9. Organic Compounds:Proteins Examples Amino Acids There are 20 different amino acids which are used to build various proteins. Dipeptide A protein made of two amino acids joined together. Polypeptide A protein made of three or more amino acids joined together.

  10. Organic Compounds:Lipids Chemistry of Lipids Molecular Formula: C H O Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Structural Model: Hint: Only C, H and O but no ring! Building Blocks: 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids

  11. Organic Compounds:Lipids Food Sources / Functions Foods: Animal fats found in butter, cheese and milk. Plant oils like sunflower, peanut and olive oil. Uses in Living Things: 1. Energy source and storage 2. Insulation 3. Cell structures (cell membrane)

  12. Organic Compounds:Lipids Examples • Lipids that are solid at room temperature are called “saturated” fats. • Example: Butter & animal fat • Lipids that are liquid at room temperature are called “unsaturated” fats. • Example: Vegetable oils

  13. Organic Compounds:Nucleic Acids Chemistry of Nucleic Acids Molecular Formula: C, H, O, N, P Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus Structural Model: Hint: Made of nucleotides. Only one with Phosphorus! Building Blocks: A T G C

  14. Organic Compounds:Nucleic Acids Functions Uses in Living Things: Stores hereditary information in genetic “codes” The order of the bases in each nucleotide making up the DNA determines the genetic code.

  15. Organic Compounds:Nucleic Acids Examples: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

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