A RESEARCH MADE BY KEIRTH KILAT & KEVEN GUANZON

A Comparative Study of Different Effluence Effects on the Physico-chemical Seawater qualities on the shores of Different Industrial Plantations A RESEARCH MADE BY KEIRTH KILAT & KEVEN GUANZON

Table of Contents Rationale Statement of the Problem Methodology General Procedure Flow Chart Bibliography

Rationale The result of this study will be beneficial to the community and to the ecosystem, it also serves as an alarm to the government and the owner of the said plantations. People will start caring for the bodies of water near the plantation. They may find solutions to all concerns that will arise, as a result from the conducted research

Iligan City Cement and Global Steel Philippines Incorporated

Statement of The Problem Main Problem: Main Problem: Is there a significant difference of the Physico-chemical properties of seawater samples taken near Global Steel Philippines Incorporated and Iligan Cement Corporation?

Sub Problems: • Is there any significant difference in the turbidity of seawater at varying distances from GSPI and ICC? • Is there a significant difference in the ORP of seawater samples taken at varying distance from GSPI and ICC? • Is there a significant difference in the pH of seawater samples taken at varying distance from GSPI and ICC?

Methodology

Materials and Equipments • Materials: • 20 pcs container • Meter Stick • 20cm circular piece of plywood • Washers • Knot • Black and White paint • Cooler • Equipment: • Drill • pH/ORP meter

How to create the Secchi Disc • HOW TO MAKE A SECCHI DISK • Divide the 20 cm acrylic disk into quadrants using masking tape. Spray paint alternating quadrants black and white, so that you have a disk that is similar to that pictured below. • Let the paint dry. Apply a second coat of paint if necessary. • Drill a hole of 3/8’ through the center of the • acrylic disk and the galvanized steel disk. • Assemble disks with eyebolt (5/16” in diameter). Use flat washers between disk and nut, and between steel plate and locking washer.

How to create the Secchi Disc • Use 5/16” nuts at the top of the eyebolt and to • bolt the steel plate on the underside of the • acrylic disk. • Attach a brass chain or rope calibrated by 0.5 • meter increments to the secchi-disk to use in the • lake. • (Note: If rope is used, avoid using cotton rope or clothesline since it stretches when it is wet. Use non-stretching white plastic coated wire-core clothesline. Make sure to bend and straighten the line before you buy it to make sure that it will lie straight. Calibrate the rope at 0.5 meter increments using permanent pen, or by tying knots at each 0.5

How to use the Secchi Disc • Slowly lower the Secchi disk into the water on the shady side of the boat until it is no longer visible. Record this depth. • Slowly raise the disk until it just becomes visible once again. Record this depth. • Average the depths from steps 1 and 2 to get the Secchi depth. • This may be repeated for a measurement of precision.

Considerations when using the secchi disc • Considerations:Several considerations are involved with Secchi disk measurements: The quality of Secchi depth data is user-dependent; that is, it varies from person to person as a function of vision. • The depth of visibility for the Secchi disk is dependent on external factors such as sun light intensity and waves. Hence, measurements should be taken at the same general time between 10am and 4pm, in the shade, and in calm waters. • Repeated measurements can aid in resolving precision. In addition, repeated measurements by multiple observers can aid in determining the relative accuracy of the measurement.

How to use the pH meter • Calibrate the probe and meter according to the manufacturer’s directions. Use of two buffers (pH 7 and 10) for calibration is recommended. • Sample water can be collected in any glass or plastic container. Collect enough sample water so that you can submerge the tip of the probe. Rinse the probe with sample water before placing it in the sample.

How to use the pH meter • Place the probe in the sample and wait for the meter to equilibrate. If the meter needs to be manually adjusted to correct for temperature – you’ll know it does if it has an extra temperature knob – adjust it to the temperature of the sample before allowing it to equilibrate. The meter will have come to equilibrium when the signal becomes steady. If it is taking a long time to equilibrate, you may try gently stirring the probe. However, do not agitate the sample since this may cause changes in the pH. • Read the pH directly from the meter according to the manufacturer’s directions.

How to use the ORP meter • It is the same as using the pH meter. • Calibrate the probe and meter according to the manufacturer’s directions. • Sample water can be collected in any glass or plastic container. Collect enough sample water so that you can submerge the tip of the probe. Rinse the probe with sample water before placing it in the sample.

How to use the ORP meter • Place the probe in the sample and wait for the meter to equilibrate. If the meter needs to be manually adjusted to correct for temperature – you’ll know it does if it has an extra temperature knob – adjust it to the temperature of the sample before allowing it to equilibrate. The meter will have come to equilibrium when the signal becomes steady. If it is taking a long time to equilibrate, you may try gently stirring the probe. However, do not agitate the sample since this may cause changes in the ORP • Read the ORP directly from the meter according to the manufacturer’s directions.

How to conduct Toxicity test • Unopened tin of eggs shall be stored in cold and dry place. Hatching performance of embryos in cysts is guaranteed at about 1 year. Cysts up to 4 years old can be however applied well. Opened tin has to be stored in undamaged plastic bag closed properly by elastic band and put in fridge. Cysts must be protected against water and air moisture.

How to conduct Toxicity test • · Hatching of eggs (run by assistant a day before) • a high beaker is filled up to approximately 2/3 with marine water • addition of about a tea spoon of frozen dry brine shrimp eggs • the beaker with eggs is put into cultivator for 24 h with established aeration

How to conduct Toxicity test • · Test start • dilution of water leachate with marine dilution water according to Tab. 3. • getting of empty cysts using micropipette and replacement of 10 individuals into each testing dish addition of solutions of 2 concentration rates, including 2 controls into dishes location of the dishes into cultivator test is carried out by light (lamp in cultivator)

How to conduct Toxicity test • · Counting and evaluation after 24 and 48 hours • visual counting of dead brine shrimps (laying at bottom

How to conduct a temperature test on the sea Water temperature is not only important to swimmers and fisherman, but also to industries and even fish and algae. A lot of water is used for cooling purposes in power plants that generate electricity. They need cool water to start with, and they generally release warmer water back to the environment. The temperature of the released water can affect downstream habitats. Temperature also can affect the ability of water to hold oxygen as well as the ability of organisms to resist certain pollutants.

Experimental Set-up

Statistical Treatment The statistical tool that this study used is the independent t-test. The t-test is used to compare the water samples taken from the shores of ICC and GSPI means. The t-test assesses whether the means of turbidity, toxicity, ORP, pH and temperature of the samples are statistically different from each other. To test the significance, a 0.05 alpha in two tailed was set.

Statistical Tool Difference___________ Variance ____________ sample size

Bibliography • A. BOOKS • Bauer, K. Jack. A Maritime History of the United States: The Role of America's Seas and Waterways. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1988. • Johnson, Frederick G., and Robert R. Stickney, eds. Fisheries: Harvesting Life from Water. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt, 1995.

Bibliography • The New Scientist, 16 May and 20 June 1998, Professional Engineering 10 June 1998, Renewable Energy, Sep-Dec 1996, vol. 9 No. 1-4, pp.870-874 • Kendall, Lane C. The Business of Shipping. Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press, 1979. • Duncan Burn; The Economic History of Steelmaking, 1867–1939: A Study in Competition 1961.

Bibliography • B. INTERNET ARTICLES • "Water Pollution." West's Encyclopedia of American Law. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 5 Oct. 2011<http://www.encyclopedia.com>. • About Fisheries: Production. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. <http://www.fao.org/fi/Prodn.asp>

A RESEARCH MADE BY KEIRTH KILAT & KEVEN GUANZON