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Photo synthesis (Chapter 8)

To make. With light. Photo synthesis (Chapter 8). ATP. The purpose of photosynthesis is to produce food & oxygen. Energy & Life. Overview The cell process identified with energy production is photosynthesis.

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Photo synthesis (Chapter 8)

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  1. To make With light Photosynthesis (Chapter 8)

  2. ATP The purpose of photosynthesis is to produce food & oxygen

  3. Energy & Life • Overview • The cell process identified with energy production is photosynthesis. • Plants use solar energy to convert water & carbon dioxide into high energy sugars (food) & oxygen.

  4. Energy & Life • Organisms that can make their own food from the sun are called autotrophs • What does autotroph mean? • Auto = self, troph = nutrition

  5. Energy & Life • Organisms that can not use the sun’s energy to make food are called heterotrophs. They obtain energy from food they eat. Herbivore - Impalas Carniovore - Leopard

  6. Chemical Energy & ATP • Cells use adenosine triphosphate, abbreviated ATP to store & release energy. • ATP is used by all types of cells as their basic energy source.

  7. ATP consists of: • adenine • ribose (a 5-carbon sugar) • 3 phosphate groups 3 Phosphate groups Adenine Ribose ATP

  8. Storing Energy • ADP has two phosphate groups instead of three. • A cell can store small amounts of energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP. ATP ADP Energy + Energy Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Fullycharged battery Partiallycharged battery

  9. Releasing Energy • Energy stored in ATP is released by breaking the chemical bond between the second and third phosphates. 2 Phosphate groups P ADP BLAMO!!

  10. ATP energy is used for Lots of stuff like: • active transport across cell membranes. • protein synthesis. • muscle contraction. • ATP is the basic energy source of ALL cells!

  11. ATP Movie

  12. Organisms that make their own food are called • autotrophs. • heterotrophs. • decomposers. • consumers.

  13. Most autotrophs obtain their energy from • chemicals in the environment. • sunlight. • carbon dioxide in the air. • other producers.

  14. How is energy released from ATP? • A phosphate is added. • An adenine is added. • A phosphate is removed. • A ribose is removed.

  15. How is it possible for most cells to function with only a small amount of ATP? • Cells do not require ATP for energy. • ATP can be quickly regenerated from ADP and P. • Cells use very small amounts of energy. • ATP stores large amounts of energy.

  16. Compared to the energy stored in a molecule of glucose, ATP stores • much more energy. • much less energy. • about the same amount of energy. • more energy sometimes and less at others.

  17. Photosynthesis • The Photosynthetic Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Light Light Carbon Dioxide Water Sugars Oxygen B. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water & carbon dioxide into high energy sugars (carbohydrates) & oxygen.

  18. Light & Pigments • Plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules called pigments. • The main pigment in plants is chlorophyll. • There are two main types of chlorophyll: • chlorophyll a • chlorophyll b

  19. chloroplasts Spirogyra sp., a filamentous green alga Plant leaves are green (usually) because they contain the pigment chlorophyll in special cell organelles called chloroplasts.

  20. Sunlight contains different wavelengths of light. Different wavelengths have different colors & amount of energy. What causes a rainbow??

  21. Light and Pigments (cont.) • Chlorophyll absorbs light in the blue-violet and red regions of the visible spectrum.

  22. Chlorophyll reflects light in the green region of the spectrum, which is why plants look green.

  23. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy & the energy is transferred to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule. Raising the electrons energy. • These high-energy electrons are what make photosynthesis work.

  24. Plants use the sugars produced in photosynthesis to make • oxygen. • Sugars (starches, carbohydrates). • carbon dioxide. • protein.

  25. The raw materials required for plants to carry out photosynthesis are • carbon dioxide and oxygen. • oxygen and sugars. • carbon dioxide and water. • oxygen and water.

  26. The principal pigment in plants is • chloroplast. • chlorophyll. • carotene. • carbohydrate.

  27. The colors of light that are absorbed by chlorophylls are • green and yellow. • green, blue, and violet. • blue, violet, and red. • red and yellow.

  28. Photosynthesis Reactions • The chloroplast • Photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplasts of plants & algae.

  29. Chloroplasts of plants & algae.

  30. Chloroplasts contain thylakoids—saclike photosynthetic membranes. Single thylakoid Stroma Chloroplast

  31. Thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll into clusters called photosystems, which collect light. Photosystems Chloroplast

  32. Photosynthetic reactions • There are two types of photosynthesis reactions: • Light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes. • Calvin cycle (Light-independent) reactions takes place in the stroma (outside the thylakoid membranes).

  33. Light-Dependent Reactions

  34. H2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP + P Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle Calvin Cycle Chloroplast O2 Sugars

  35. Light-Dependent Reactions (fig 8-10) • Produce: Oxygen, ATP, & NADPH (electron carrier). ATP synthase + O2 2H2O ADP 2 NADP+ 2 NADPH 2

  36. Light-dependent steps • Reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts • Light is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoid membrane. Thylakoid membrane Stroma Chloroplast

  37. Light-dependent Steps (Fig 8-10) • Water is broken down into • hydrogen ions • oxygen atoms – we breath • energized electrons Inner Thylakoid space e- carriers + O2 2H2O Thylakoid Memebrane Stroma Chlorophyll

  38. Light-dependent Steps • Electrons move through the electron transport chain & carry H+ ions from the stroma into the inner thylakoid space. Inner Thylakoid space e- carriers Thylakoid Memebrane ADP Stroma

  39. Light-dependent Steps • NADP+ then picks up these high-energy electrons, along with H+ ions, and becomes NADPH. + O2 2H2O 2 NADP+ 2 NADPH 2

  40. Light-dependent Steps • Hydrogen ions pass through ATP synthase & convert ADP into ATP. Inner Thylakoid space Thylakoid Memebrane Stroma ADP

  41. Light-Dependent Products • The light-dependent reactions use sunlight, H2O, & CO2to produce: • Oxygen • Change ADP into ATP • Change NADP+ into high-energy electron carrier NADPH.

  42. Calvin Cycle (light-independent reaction) • The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts & does not require light. • The Calvin cycle uses CO2 + ATP & NADPH (created in light-dependant reactions) to produce sugars.

  43. Inside a Chloroplast H2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP + P Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle Calvin Cycle Chloroplast Sugars O2

  44. Calvin Cycle (light-independent reaction) • Key Steps: • 6 CO2 molecules from atmosphere combine with 6 -5 carbon molecules know as RuBP. Product splits into 2 -3carbon molecules. • Energy from ATP & NADPH convert three carbon molecules into higher energy forms known as G3P. • Every 6 cycles produces 2 three carbon molecules which are used to create sugars, lipids, other compounds.

  45. Calvin Cycle fig. 8-11 12 12 ADP 6 ADP 12 NADPH 6 12 NADP+ 5-Carbon MoleculesRegenerated Sugars and other compounds

  46. Photosynthesis

  47. Photosynthesis Concept Map Section 8-3 Photosynthesis includes Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle takes place in uses use take place in Thylakoid membranes Energy from sunlight Stroma NADPH ATP to produce to produce of High-energy sugars NADPH ATP O2 Chloroplasts

  48. ATP What are the products of photosynthesis?

  49. ATP What are the raw materials of photosynthesis?

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