SOUTH ASIA

1. SOUTH ASIA India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives

2. Great Rivers, Mighty MonsoonsLesson 1 Vocabulary 1. Subcontinent - a large land area isolated from the rest of a continent 2. irrigation canal - a human-made waterway for use in irrigation 3. atoll-an island formed from a coral reef • monsoon-a strong seasonal wind in the Indian Ocean South Asia is made up of 7 countries: India Pakistan Bangladesh Nepal Bhutan Sri Lanka Maldives

3. Great Rivers in South Asia Rivers provide farmers with water and allows trade with the world, but can also cause flooding Ganges River – one of the longest in the world It begins in the Himalayas and crosses India and Bangladesh *It joins the Brahmaputra River to form the Ganges Delta Indus River – starts in the Himalayas, flows through the Hindu Kush Mountains, and empties into the Arabian Sea.

4. The Subcontinent *There are three regions • Northern Mountain Rim-Himalayas, Mt Everest • Ganges Plain-Bay of Bengal to Arabian Sea • Deccan Plateau-Most of central and southern India, fertile soil and grassy plain • The Himalayas separate South Asia from the rest of the continent. Pakistan has little rainfall so uses irrigation canals, drawing water from the Indus River. Where India and Pakistan meet, Kashmir, there is conflict because both countries need this water. Nepal is almost all in the Himalayas. Most people live in Kathmandu or small villages. Bhutan is a very small country and includes part of Himalayas. Valleys and plains are densely populated Bangladesh lies along Bay of Bengal and in Ganges Delta. Flood season results in fertile soil.

5. Island Countries Sri Lanka lies 22 miles from India. The Maldives has more than 1000 coral islands or atolls. *The largest atoll is 5 square miles. Mighty Monsoons The Indian Ocean is responsible for the formation of summer monsoons in South Asia. Between April and October, winds (monsoons) bring warm air and heavy rains. They blow in opposite direction in winter. 90% of India’s fresh water comes from monsoons.

7. Review • WHAT IS SOUTH ASIA’S GEOGRAPHY LIKE? • Himalayas, a barrier to Asia • Rivers, irrigation • Seasonal monsoons • Atolls, Maldives • Plateaus, farmland

8. Lesson 1 Review • The Himalayas divide South Asia from the rest of Asia. • The rivers and waterways provide a means of transporting goods, and they provide water for farming and other uses. • It is difficult to grow enough food because the farms of southern Nepal have to support the populations living in mountain valleys and the capital city. Farmers rely on monsoons for water, and the rains are unreliable.

9. Through the AgesLesson 2 Vocabulary • Urban planning – plan or strategy for growth of a city • Caste system – people’s position in society is determined by their birth into a particular social class • Stupa– a curved mound of brick that holds statues of Buddha • Puppet ruler – a ruler without authority Some believe people of Indus Valley came from parts of Asia over Himalayas and northern Africa. Conquerors pushed them south and onto islands in Indian Ocean. Today over 1 billion people live in South Asia.

10. Life in the Indus Valley 3000BC-1700BC – civilizations in Indus Valley (Pakistan) *Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa are examples of urban planning. More than 40,000 people lived in Mohenjo-Daro so they probably needed an orderly system of roads and streets. It was a great city built in the Indus River Valley around 2500BC. Notice there were roads, homes, shops, stairs, bathrooms, and underground drainage systems

11. Aryans Bring Change 1700BC – 1500BC – Aryans came from central Asia (south Russia and Iran) – nomads – drove people to Ganges Plain and made them slaves. Slaves placed at bottom of social system - caste system Aryans helped to form Hinduism – life is a cycle of death and rebirth and caste system Worship many gods, tolerant of other faiths

12. CASTE SYSTEM

13. Buddhism Begins in India 500BC – Siddhartha Gautama gave up riches for meditation and teaching – called “Buddha” – the Enlightened One Asoka, ruler, helped spread Buddhism in India, Sri Lanka, Egypt–built thousands of stupas Buddhism spread but Hinduism didn’t die out.1200s Muslim sheikhs forbade all religions except Islam

14. The Last Empires Golden or Classical Age – AD320-500 – Gupta Empire Literature, arts, science grew – Hinduism became major religion Over the next 500 years, there were many Invaders and small kingdoms fought each other *In 1526, Barbur, a king in Afghanistan, established the Mogul Empire. Britain began ruling in 1757.

15. Indians Work for Independence Vasco da Gama (explorer) opened up trade route for Europeans to India. During the 1600s, the British East India Company set up trading posts in Chennai, Mumbai, and Kolkata, India and became the controlling power. .

16. Indians Work for Independence (con’t) Indian nationalism (being loyal to their country) grew. 1919 Mohandas Gandhi organized nonviolent protests. He encouraged Indians not to trade with British. 1947 Britain agreed to end rule. Due to religious differences, colony was divided into HINDU India and MUSLIM Pakistan

17. Lesson 2 Review • Slavery, begun by the Aryans, eventually led to the development of the caste system. The Aryans’ religion also blended with those of other early S. Asian, leading to Hinduism. • The Hindus and the Muslims wanted to live in separate countries. • India became an independent country in 1947.

18. People and CultureLesson 3 Vocabulary • Reincarnation-belief that soul lives on after death and returns to life in a new body • Nirvana-Buddhism-escape from the cycle of rebirth • Vedas-Hindu-book of sacred writings • Tandoor-clay or brick oven • Purdah-Islamic custom-women cover faces with veils India is a land of varied cultures, religions, languages and customs

19. Religions and Languages Islam – Pakistan & Bangladesh Hinduism - India & Nepal - many gods, cycle of birth, death, and reincarnation - a person that lives a moral life may be reborn as more advanced being - eventually person may reach Nirvana, an enlightened state where cycle of birth/death ceases. - caste system Sikhism – blend of Hinduism/Muslim beliefs – no caste system Jainism – no god or supreme being, value of kindness and charity Christian – many at bottom of Hindu caste became Christian Pakistanis speak Urdu and English *Indians have 16 languages. Hindi 30%, English used in business Major languages of Bangladesh are Bangla (Bengali) and English.

20. Gandhi • Discovery Education – Mahatma Gandhi 4:03 • He led nonviolent protests to help India win its independence.

21. Tastes and Styles Southern India-rice, spicy Northern India-wheat, mild spices, wheat bread (chapati) eaten with meals, Muslim – do not eat pork Hindus-no beef, some vegetarian Pakistan (Muslim) – shawarkameez is baggy pajamalike -dupatta – long scarf across chest/hanging down back -purdah – “behind the veil” -chaddar – veil -burka – hooded gown covering entire body Nepal – women-blouse/skirt men-knee-length robe/tight pants Sri Lanka – men-loose shirt/sarong women-blouse/sarong or sari

22. Arts and Education Enjoy traditional music, sitar players Culture is influenced by religion TajMahal – Muslim Sri Lanka – examples of Hindu architecture Education– Sri Lanka 90% literate Pakistan – Less than 50% literate, Less than 25% women can read Benazir Bhutto, 1st elected women helped fund schools for girls, assassinated in

23. Lesson 3 Review • India and Pakistan are separate countries because of religious differences. India is primarily Hindu and Pakistan is primarily Muslim. 5. Hindu and Muslim beliefs influenced Sikhism.

24. Lesson 4 South Asia Today Diplomat – an advisor skilled in negotiations between nations Green revolution – a movement to increase the country’s food supply Urban center – a city

25. Government in South Asia India gained independence from Britain in 1947. India was divided between HINDU India and MUSLIM Pakistan (due to religious violence) The government was set up similar to Britain as a parliamentary democracy. Elected officials make laws and run gov’t. 25 states and 7 territories There continues to be fighting over Kashmir.

26. Pakistan – 1956 Pakistan became a republic East and West Pakistan had different cultures, economies – only thing in common was religion. Civil war and in 1973 East Pakistan became Bangladesh. Bangladesh is a democracy Pakistan is under military rule – not a republic

27. Village Life 500,000 villages with 1000 or less people India – large amounts of food had to be shipped to India to feed their population. Green revolution – newer types of seeds/farmers were taught planting techniques which resulted in increased food and rice production Nepal – Farmers grow rice, wheat, millet, maize, sugarcane, and jute. Raise sheep, goats, cattle, yaks Tourism increases, there is more money for schools, roads, and other services. Pakistan – 70% people live near Indus River. Rich – modern homes, Middle class – apartments or small homes, Villages – mud and unbaked brick homes with flat roofs

28. City Life 20% people live in cities Urban planning - plan or strategy for growth of a city • Kolkata (Calcutta) – 10 million people in poor conditions, much disease, Mother Teresa worked • Mumbai (Bombay), Delhi, Chennai Many films are made in India’s cities (Bollywood) • Islamabad & Karachi – Pakistan • Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulina – Bangladesh • Katmandu - Nepal

29. Island Life Maldives – monsoons affect climate bringing warm, humid weather and heavy rainfall. Residents are sailors and fishermen (80%). Tourism is increasing Sri Lanka – tourism, farming, gemstones

30. Major Economic Activities India Nepal Pakistan Maldives SriLanka

31. Lesson 4 Review • As a former colony of Britain, India adopted the government model it knew best. • Pakistani and Indian leaders have met to discuss a peaceful resolution to the conflict over Kashmir. • Karachi is one of the only outlets to the sea. It is a large industrial center, producing textiles and many consumer goods. • Mother Teresa won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for helping India’s sick and poor.