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Understanding Cellular Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic Processes Explained

Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that allows cells to convert nutrients into energy (ATP). This occurs in stages: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain (ETC). Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid, generating a small amount of ATP and NADH. In the presence of oxygen, aerobic respiration continues with the Krebs Cycle and ETC, producing more ATP. Without oxygen, fermentation occurs, leading to the production of lactic acid or ethyl alcohol. Both pathways are essential for energy metabolism in living organisms.

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Understanding Cellular Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic Processes Explained

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  1. Key Words • anaerobic process: does not require O2 to occur • aerobic process: requires O2 to occur • glycolysis: biochemical pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid • pyruvic acid: 3-carbon molecule made from glucose during glycolysis • NADH: an energy-carrying molecule • fermentation: another pathway that converts glucose into ATP

  2. What is Cellular Respiration? • how cells receive energy from nutrients • breaks down organic molecules (ex: sugars) into ATP • occurs in mitochondria (therefore, this occurs in both plants AND animals)

  3. Equation for Cellular Respiration ------> C6H12O0+ 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H20 (glucose) (oxygen) (carbon dioxide) (water) REACTANTS (starting materials) PRODUCTS (end result)

  4. Stages of Cellular Respiration Stage 1 – GLYCOLYSIS • uses glucose made during photosynthesis • breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid • in the process, a small amount of ATP and NADH is made What comes next depends on one factor… the presence of OXYGEN.

  5. Stage 2 NO, there is not O2 present: YES, there is O2 present: Stage 2 = AEROBIC RESPIRATION Has two stages: Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • Stage 2 = FERMENTATION • creates lactic acid or ethyl alcohol • these can be converted to ATP • inefficient process (wastes energy)

  6. Krebs Cycle • Picks up where glycolysis left off. • Takes 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (made in glycolysis), converts them into various molecules over several cycles • involves enzymes such as Co-enzyme A • Pyruvic acid is converted into Acetyl CoA via enzymes. When this occurs, CO2 is produced. • End result: 2 molecules of ATP made in each cycle • One glucose molecule will fuel two Krebs Cycle (therefore, 1 glucose -> 4 ATP)

  7. Electron Transport Chain • similar to photosynthesis • occurs on the inner membrane of mitochondria • transfers electrons throughout several molecules, building up energy • when enough energy is built up (from NADH and FADH2), ATP is created • NADH and FADH2 created during the Krebs Cycle • chemiosmosis = production of ATP via chemicals

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