1. Perception The process of organizing and interpreting information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

2. Perception • The active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting the information brought to the brain by the senses • Perception is the way we interpret sensations and therefore make sense of everything around us • Example:

3. Top Down Processing • Processing information from the senses with higher level mental processes using our experiences and expectations • Using your background knowledge to fill in the gaps • Examples:

4. Gestalt Psychology • Gestalt - focused on how we GROUP objects together as an organized whole. • Example:

5. Figure Ground Relationship Figure –ground - Our first perceptual decision is what in the image is the figure and what is the background. Example:

6. Grouping • Grouping – tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups and not isolated elements. • Examples closure

7. Depth Cues • Depth Perception – allows us to judge distance because we see thing in three dimension even though images strike retina in two dimensions • Visual Cliff Experiment- Eleanor Gibson • If you are old enough to crawl, you are old enough to see depth perception. • See depth by using two cues • Examples

8. Binocular Cues • Binocular cues – depth cues that depend on the use of two eyes. • Examples:

9. Monocular Cues • Monocular cues – depth cues available to either eye alone • Examples:

10. Interposition

11. Relative Size

12. Relative Height Horizontal vertical illusion

13. Linear Perspective

14. Relative Motion

15. Light and Shadow

16. Texture Gradient

17. Perceived Motion • Stroboscopic effect – continuous movement in a rapid series of slightly varying images • Example: • Phi phenomenon – an allusion created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession • Example:

18. Constancy • Perpetual constancy – perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change • Objects change in our eyes constantly as we or they move….but we are able to maintain content perception • Examples

19. Perceptual Constancy • Shape constancy –

20. Perceptual Constancy • Shape Constancy illusion– some times we perceive the shape of something to change with the angle of our view

21. Perceptual Constancy • Size constancy –

22. Perceptual Constancy • Size constancy illusion– sometimes perceive objects as having a changing size because of the interplay between perceived size and distance • Moon illusion • Ponzo illusion

23. Ames Room

24. Lightness Constancy • Lightness constancy aka Brightness constancy – perceiving an object as having constant lightness even while its illumination varies. • Depends on… • Relative luminance – the amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings

25. Color Constancy • Color constancy – perceiving familiar objects as having constant color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object • Depends on what we’re comparing it to… • Surrounding context – color comes not only from the wavelength information received by cones, but also from the surrounding context • Surrounding objects – light is reflected not only from the object, but other objects surrounding it. Example:

26. Perceptual Interpretation

27. Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision • Experiments on sensory deprivation • Brains cortical cells don’t develop normal connections • Critical period

28. Perceptual Adaptation Perceptual adaptation – the ability to adjust to artificially displaced or inverted visual field Example:

29. Perceptual Set Perceptual set (aka mental predisposition) – mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another • Schemas – concepts that organize and interpret unfamiliar info/ambiguous situations Examples:

30. Context Effects • Context effects – perceptual set can be influenced by the context (expectations and emotions, and motivations) • Examples:

31. Perception is a Biopsychosocial Phenomenon

32. Is There Extrasensory Perception?

33. Parapsychology

34. Claims of ESP • Parapsychology – study of paranormal phenomena including ESP and psychokinesis • Extrasensory Perception – claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input Examples: • Psychokinesis (PK) – mind over matter (levitation)