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Introduction to Light Scattering A bulk analytical technique

Introduction to Light Scattering A bulk analytical technique. What is light scattering?. In nature…. red sunsets. blue sky and clouds. What is light scattering?. In the lab…. Molar mass, M Size, r g Second virial coefficient, A 2 Translational diffusion coefficient, D T

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Introduction to Light Scattering A bulk analytical technique

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  1. Introduction to Light ScatteringA bulk analytical technique

  2. What is light scattering? In nature… red sunsets blue sky and clouds

  3. What is light scattering? In the lab…

  4. Molar mass, M Size, rg Second virial coefficient, A2 Translational diffusion coefficient, DT - Can be used to calculate rh What can light scattering measure? For a solute in solution, light scattering can determine:

  5. Intensity: Light and its properties Light is an oscillating wave of electric and magnetic fields • Polarization: direction • of electric field oscillation

  6. The oscillating charges radiate light. How much the charges move, and hence how much light radiates, depends upon the matter’s polarizability. How does light scatter? When light interacts with matter, it causes charges to polarize.

  7. Index of refraction n The polarizability of a material is directly related to its index of refraction n. The index of refraction is a measure of the velocity of light in a material. e.g., speed of light For solutes, the polarizability is expressed as the specific refractive index increment, dn/dc.

  8. Adding light • Incoherent sum • Coherent sum • Interference:

  9. How light scattering measures M incoherent: coherent:

  10. For particles much smaller than the wavelength of the incident light ( <10 nm for l = 690 nm), the amount of radiation scattered into each angle is the same in the plane perpendicular to the polarization. Isotropic scattering

  11. Angular dependence of light scattering detector at 0° scattered light in phase detector at q, scattered light out-of-phase Intramolecular interference leads to a reduction in scattering intensity as the scattering angle increases.

  12. Definitions

  13. Integrating over extended particle involves integrating over mass distribution. How light scattering measures rg To calculate the angular distribution of scattered light, integrate over phase shifts from extended particle.

  14. 3-arm star polymer solid sphere Conformation: rh vs. rg

  15. Molar mass and radius Why isotropic if radius of gyration < 10 nm? rg < 10 nm isotropic scatterer rg > 10 nm

  16. Principle 1 The amount of light scattered is directly proportional to the product of the polymer molar mass and concentration. Principle 2 The angular variation of the scattered light is directly related to the size of the molecule. Basic light scattering principles

  17. In the Rayleigh-Gans-Debye limit, the two light scattering principles are embodied in the equation: This equation also contains a correction due to concentration c. The correction is due to coherent intermolecular scattering, and contains information on the second virial coefficient. Basic light scattering equation

  18. K* . n0 – solvent refractive index NA – Avogadro’s number l0 – vacuum wavelength of incident light dn/dc - spec. refractive index increment Definition of terms 1 R(q)– excess (i.e., from the solute alone) Rayleigh ratio. The ratio of the scattered and incident light intensity, corrected for size of scattering volume and distance from scattering volume. M– molar mass

  19. c– solute concentration (g/ml) P(q)– form factor or “scattering function”. P(q) relates the angular variation in scattering intensity to the mean square radius rg of the particle. The larger rg, the larger the angular variation. Note that P(0°) = 1. A2– second virial coefficient, a measure of solute-solvent interaction. Positive for a “good” solvent. Definition of terms 2

  20. Why? The detectors output voltages proportional to the light scattering intensities. The voltages must be converted to meaningful units. How? 1. Flow pure, filtered (0.02 mm) toluene through the flow cell. ASTRA software measures the voltages from the 90° and laser monitor photodiodes with the laser on and off (dark voltages). ASTRA then computes the calibration constant. Running an experiment 1: Calibration

  21. Why? detector sensitivities vary. each detector views a different scattering volume. scattered light is refracted. only the 90° detector is calibrated. How? Fill flow cell with isotropic scatterer in actual solvent to be used. ASTRA software measures voltages for each angle and: Determines refraction angle from solvent index of refraction. Determines angle and scattering volume corrections. Normalizes each corrected detector voltage signal to the 90° detector. Running an experiment 2: Normalization

  22. Online Data Collection Record Rayleigh ratio varying angle (3 or 18 angles for miniDAWN or DAWN) but measuring concentration.

  23. Online Data Analysis • Perform fit of angular data to retrieve M and rg. • Assess quality of fit using a Debye plot.

  24. Batch Data Collection excess scattering solvent scattering + detector offset Record Rayleigh ratio varying - angle (3 or 18 angles for miniDAWN or DAWN) - concentration (multiple injections of known c).

  25. Batch Data Analysis • Perform global fit of data to light scattering equation to retrieve M, rg, and A2. • Assess quality of fit using a Zimm plot.

  26. Zimm Plot of a Protein Molar Mass (MM) : (7.714±0.01)e+4 g/mol (0.16%) RMS Radius (Rz) : 2.6±2.2 nm (84%) 2nd virial coefficient : (1.413±0.06)e-4 mol mL/g2 (3%) Aqueous microbatchZimm Plot of BSA monomer

  27. Rg or RMS radius – mass average (root mean square) distance of each point in a molecule from the molecule’s center of gravity. *lower limit 10nm Rh or Hydrodynamic radius – radius of a sphere with the same diffusion coefficient or viscosity as “our” sample. *lower limit 1nm Radius Results: Light Scattering &Viscometry

  28. Rh Rh + H2O _ H2O + H2O + H2O H2O Hydrodynamic Radius Theoretical Examples

  29. Diffusion constant, DT Size, rh Polydispersity Conformation, rh vs. rg What can QELS Measure?

  30. What is a QELS Experiment? Scattered light intensity is measured through time

  31. Diffusion! Constructive interference Destructive interference How QELS Works: Interference of Light Particles diffuse due to Brownian motion, resulting in light intensities which fluctuate with time.

  32. What is translational diffusion? Diffusion of molecules ---- Brownian Motion Translational diffusions: signal change Rotational diffusions: no signal change

  33. Timescale of Motion kB – Boltzmann’s constant T – temperature (Kelvin) h – viscosity of solvent rh – hydrodynamic radius

  34. DT  1/fs DT  1/ DT  1/fh Asphericity slows it down Attached solvent and/or interparticle interactions create drag Viscous solvent slows it down. …and if concentration too high, ‘viscosity effects’ DT  T DT  1/R High temperature speeds it up Small particles move faster What affects translational diffusion?

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