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HAZARD MAPPING AND MODELING

HAZARD MAPPING AND MODELING. SESSION 6: MODELING EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS. OBJECTIVE 1. Clarify the nature of earthquakes as a hazard and their impacts.

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HAZARD MAPPING AND MODELING

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  1. HAZARD MAPPING AND MODELING SESSION 6: MODELING EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

  2. OBJECTIVE 1 Clarify the nature of earthquakes as a hazard and their impacts

  3. An earthquake is a natural event associated with movements on a global scale of tectonic plates and the rupture of faults on a regional scale as a result of that movement.

  4. SEISMICITY

  5. WEST NORTH Schematic Diagram of the Earthquake Fault Rupture

  6. WEST NORTH Schematic Diagram of the Earthquake Mechanism

  7. HURRICANES FLOODS EARTHQUAKES CYCLONES LANDSLIDES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS DROUGHT LANDSLIDES WILDFIRES TSUNAMIS NATURAL HAZARDS ATMOSPHERIC GEOLOGIC HYDROLOGIC

  8. Floods are the most frequent and most costly natural hazard on an annual basis in the United States, occurring in every state and territory and causing an average of $5 billion damage each year (Schildgen, 1999), However, a single earthquake (e.g., the 1994 Northridge, California quake, has the potential for causing greater economic loss within a minute than floods do for an entire year. FLOODS VS EARTHQUAKES

  9. EARTHQUAKES, LIKE FLOODS, ARE A NATIONAL PROBLEM • 44 of the 50 states are at high to very high risk from earthquakes with nearly 200 million households and tens of trillions in property at risk. (FEMA 1997).

  10. EARTHQUAKES • The moderate, large, and great earthquakes (i.e., magnitudes of 6 or greater) generate potential disaster agents that pose the greatest threat to society.

  11. FLOODS VS EARTHQUAKES • In the United States, earthquakes cause fewer fatalities than floods. On the average, fatalities from earthquakes are only about one-third of the 160 fatalities that floods cause annually (Schildgen, 1999; FEMA 1999).

  12. FLOODS VS EARTHQUAKES • Prediction and early warning systems are not yet reliable for earthquakes

  13. FLOODS VS EARTHQUAKES • Disaster mitigation measures (i.e., building codes, construction materials, and retrofit and strengthening) and preparedness measures (e.g., earthquake hazard maps and disaster planning scenarios) are significant factors in keeping the death toll for earthquakes low relative to that for floods in the United States.

  14. CLASS ACTIVITY • Examine informative documents on seismicity and probabilistic maps of the ground shaking hazard to be downloaded from the USGS Web site • http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazmaps

  15. CLASS ACTIVITY • Identify the significant historic earthquakes that have impacted your area of the United States. • Were you aware of these historic earthquake events?

  16. CLASS ACTIVITY • Describe the notable earthquakes that have impacted the Northeastern Coast, Southeastern Coast, Gulf Coast, or Western Coast of the United States? • How do they differ?

  17. CLASS ACTIVITY • Which coasts are most likely to experience tsunami wave run up? • Least prone? • Why?

  18. CLASS DISCUSSION • What is an earthquake and what factors influence the generation of earthquakes and their societal impacts?

  19. CLASS DISCUSSION • What explanation do you have for the fewer numbers of earthquake fatalities in the United States as compared with fatalities in other countries?

  20. OBJECTIVE 3 Explain how an earthquake is measured

  21. MAGNITUDE- A MEASURE OF THE SIZE OF AN EARTHQUAKE • Magnitude is based on instrumental measurements devised in the 1930’s by the late Charles F. Richter.

  22. MAGNITUDE- A MEASURE OF THE SIZE OF AN EARTHQUAKE • Magnitude is based on values derived from a global network of standardized instruments.

  23. MAGNITUDE- A MEASURE OF THE SIZE OF AN EARTHQUAKE • The procedure for assigning a value of magnitude provides a standardized way to compare the size of one earthquake with another anywhere in the world.

  24. MOMENT MAGNITUDE – A BETTER MEASURE • The moment magnitude scale was devised in the 1980’s as an extension of the Richter scale.

  25. MOMENT MAGNITUDE –A BETTER MEASURE Moment magnitude enables scientists to characterize the great earthquakes (M > 8) more accurately.

  26. THE LARGEST EARTHQUAKES • The three largest earthquakes of the 20th and 21st centuries were assigned moment magnitudes: a) 9.5 Chile earthquake of 1960, b) the 9.3 Great Sumatra Earthquake of December 2004, and c) the 9.2 Alaska earthquake of 1964.

  27. INTENSITY: A MEASURE OF THE DAMAGE STATE • Intensity is a subjective measure of the state-of-damage of a building at a site, ranging from: • 1) No damage • 2) Slight damage • 3) Moderate damage • 4) Severe damage • 5) Collapse

  28. INTENSITY: A MEASURE OF THE DAMAGE STATE • The value of intensity assigned to a damaged building is determined on the basis of observations, not instrumental measurements, of the nature and spatial distribution of the damage

  29. INTENSITY MAP OF NEW MADRID EARTHQUAKES • This map shows the range of MMI intensity values expected in future earthquakes in the New Madrid Seismic Zone.

  30. INTENSITY MAP OF NEW MADRID EARTHQUAKES • Intensity VI denotes the threshold of liquefaction. • Intensity VII denotes the threshold for architectural damage.

  31. INTENSITY MAP OF NEW MADRID EARTHQUAKES • Intensity VII denotes the threshold of structural damage. • Intensity IX - XI denotes levels of severe damage.

  32. INTENSITIES OF IX TO XI

  33. FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE • The chance of a earthquake occurring at a specific location in a given interval of time can be estimated by plotting a graph of the number, N, of earthquakes known to have occurred within an area versus their magnitude, M, and determining empirically how often earthquakes of a particular size.

  34. SESMIC SOURCES RECURRENCE ATTENUATION PROBABILITY EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ASSESSMENT

  35. CLASS ACTIVITY • Go to the USGS Web site http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazmaps

  36. CLASS ACTIVITY • 1. Select the longitudes and latitudes bounding the area where you are located in the United States and download a USGS probabilistic ground shaking map for this area.

  37. CLASS ACTIVITY 2. Develop the data for determining the magnitude and intensity distribution of past earthquakes within a 300 mile radius from your area. 3. Is it easier to estimate the frequency of earthquakes per century or per year? Why?

  38. National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act (Public Law 95-124) • Established in 1977, Public Law 95-124 provided a comprehensive basis for implementing seismic safety policy on mitigation, preparedness, emergency response, and recovery and reconstruction in the United States.

  39. National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act (Public Law 95-124) • The law calls for strategic actions to save lives and protect property and infrastructure, including: • Research into the basic causes and mechanisms of earthquakes.

  40. National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act (Public Law 95-124) • The law calls for strategic actions to save lives and protect property and infrastructure, including: • Development of methods to predict the time, place, magnitude, and probability of future earthquakes.

  41. National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act (Public Law 95-124) • The law calls for strategic actions to save lives and protect property and infrastructure, including: • Development of information and guidelines for zoning land use in light of seismic risk in all parts of the United States and preparation of seismic risk analyses useful for emergency planning and community preparedness.

  42. National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act (Public Law 95-124) • The law calls for strategic actions to save lives and protect property and infrastructure, including: • Undertaking studies of foreign experience with all aspects of earthquakes.

  43. National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act (Public Law 95-124) • The law calls for strategic actions to save lives and protect property and infrastructure, including: • Development of ways for state, county, local and regional governments to use existing and developing knowledge about the regional and local variations of seismic risk in making their land-use decisions.

  44. National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act (Public Law 95-124) • The law calls for strategic actions to save lives and protect property and infrastructure, including: • Development of tools for seismic hazard and risk assessments, including seismic zonation.

  45. National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) • Public Law 95-124, as amended, is the legal mandate for the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). • NEHRP is an integrated national program of basic and applied research on the hazard, built, and policy environments and corresponding applications.

  46. NEHRP LEADERSHIP • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the lead agency, provided coordination until 2004. • National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) replaced FEMA as lead agency in 2004.

  47. NEHRP LEADERSHIP • United States Geological Survey (USGS) makes maps, conducts monitoring and basic research, and supports applied research in universities. • National Science Foundation (NSF) supports basic research in universities.

  48. NEHRP BUDGET The annual budget for NEHRP is about $ 100 million.

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