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Mesopotamia Part 2: Focus Questions

Mesopotamia Part 2: Focus Questions. Focus Questions. What were some early achievements of the Sumerians? What were the various Mesopotamian Empires? How were they similar? How were they different?

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Mesopotamia Part 2: Focus Questions

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  1. MesopotamiaPart 2: Focus Questions

  2. Focus Questions • What were some early achievements of the Sumerians? • What were the various Mesopotamian Empires? How were they similar? How were they different? • What were the significant developments regarding labor specialization and trade in the Mesopotamian economy? How were they significant? • What factors led to the establishment of a stratified patriarchal society? What are the effects of this? • What were the causes and effects of the establishment of a written cultural tradition in Mesopotamia? • How has Mesopotamia influenced other societies? How is their Influence still felt today? • What were the key aspects and effects of the Indo-European migrations? • In what way did geography influence the development of Mesopotamian culture?

  3. 1. What were some early achievements of the Sumerians? • Writing (cuneiform) • Sail • Wheel (for both pottery and transport) • Number system based on 60 • Monumental architecture (ziggurats) • Elaborate irrigation

  4. 2. What were the various Mesopotamian Empires? How were they similar? How were they different? 1st Akkadians: Started by Sargon of Akkad. Ruled through terror 2ndBabylon: Ruled through laws (Hammurabi) 3rd Assyrians: Ruled through Terror 4th Babylon returns (Nebuchadnezzar)

  5. 3. What were the significant developments regarding labor specialization and trade in the Mesopotamian economy? How were they significant? • Bronze production- made better farming tools means increased crop yield. Better weapons. • Iron- Even Better. Mines more easily and is more durable. Iron Weapons built the Assyrian Empire • Wheel/ better ships: Increased trade and interactions with faraway people led to exchanges of commodities and ideas between Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus River Valley

  6. 4. What factors led to the establishment of a stratified patriarchal society? What are the effects of this? More wealth = class distinctions Royal Family members had hereditary status A nobility of priests and priestesses Dependent clients: did not own property, but were not slaves Slaves: prisoners of war, indebted individuals, convicted criminals Patriarchal- Men ran things. Law favored men. Could sell wives and daughters into slavery. Initially, women could be educated, work as scribes run large estates, advised rulers, and own businesses. Eventually men began to tighten their control over women. Veiling began around 1500 BCE .

  7. 5. What were the causes and effects of the establishment of a written cultural tradition in Mesopotamia? • Causes: the need to record commercial transactions and keep tax records • Early symbols were pictographs, later on, phonetic symbols were added. • Most educated people became scribes or government officials. • Effects: transfer of knowledge led to more sophisticated math, science, the transcription of stories. Calendar

  8. 6. How has Mesopotamia influenced other societies? How is their Influence still felt today? • Hebrew law is derived from Hammurabi’s code (lexTalionis). • Phoenicians used advanced ship technology to trade with people as far away as the British isles. They also developed a sophisticated writing system that works with any language • Mesopotamian technology, their method for measuring time, the fact that they influenced the Hebrews, who went on to influence both Christianity and Islam: The impact is still felt today.

  9. 7. What were the key aspects and effects of the Indo-European migrations? • Originally from Russian Steppes (pastorialists), domesticated horses, obtained metallurgy from Mesopotamians, invented chariots, and rapidly expanded across Eurasia • Called themselves Aryans (nobility) • Their language is the root of most European languages and Sanskrit (in India). Their religion forms the foundation of Hinduism and influenced the development of Buddhism.

  10. 8. In what way did geography influence the development of Mesopotamian culture? • The unpredictable flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers was reflected in Mesopotamian religion. Their gods were also viewed as unpredictable and quick to anger • The hard work associated with farming meant men worked outside of the home and women inside, leading to the development of patriarchal society. • Access and knowledge regarding metals, along with the need for more land created a militaristic ethos. • Access to the Mediterranean world led to advanced ship building. Along with the wheel, this increased both trade and interaction among cultures.

  11. MesopotamiaPart 2: Focus Questions

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