Testing Hershkovitz’ Theory of Metachromism

1. Testing Hershkovitz’ Theory of Metachromism Using phylogeny of the New World howler monkeys, Alouatta

2. Testing Hershkovitz’ Theory of Metachromism Using phylogeny of the New World howler monkeys, Alouatta

3. Hershkovitz’ theory of Metachromism Jacobs et al.’s test of Metachromism Using Alouatta’s phylogeny & fur color to test Metachromism Testing Metachromism

4. Metachromic Progression Jacobs et al. 1995

5. Jacobs et al, 1995 • Tested metachromism with Saguinus - the Tamarin monkeys • Compared mtDNA tree with tree based on fur colors • Examined strength of phylogenetic signal in fur colors mapped onto mtDNA tree.

6. Metachromic Progression 2 3 4 1 9 0 5 7 8 6 Jacobs et al. 1995

7. The character states The Character States Museum of Vertebrate Zoology collection

8. Chromatogenic Regions

9. Crown Forehead Cheeks Mouth Neck Throat Shoulders Arms Hands 10. Chest 11. Back 12. Belly 13. Rump 14. Thighs 15. Feet 16. Tail 17. Tail 18. Tail Chromatogenic Regions

10. Barnett & Ross • Goal: extend Jacobs’ analysis to Cebidae • Use composite phylogeny from Purvis 1995 for the tree • Use Jacobs’ coding scheme & methods • Data collected from Natural History Museum, London • Females only; Species as composite OTUs

11. Shapley, ib200a • “May I try?”

12. Howler monkeys

13. Purvis, 1995 • Composite phylogeny of Neotropical monkey taxa.

14. Composite phylogeny of Alouatta Matrix Representation with Parsimony of trees from: • L. Cortes-Ortiz et al, 2003: 3 mtDNA genes • Bonvicino et al, 2001: cytochrome b • Meireles et al, 1999: -globulin pseudogene • de Oliveira et al, 2002: FISH chromosome painting No semaphoront overlap between studies No consistent outgroup; postulated agouti outgroup

15. Composite phylogeny of Alouatta • Single MPT

16. Composite phylogeny of Alouatta • Semi-Strict consensus of 8 trees 1 step longer

17. Composite phylogeny of Alouatta How accurate is the composite tree? • Coding of FISH Chromosome data (de Oliveira et al) is fishy - characters aren’t independent • mtDNA networks compatible; Chromosome & fur networks mostly compatible; not compatible with each other. • Outgroup choice matters - different outgroups root the same stable network in many different places

18. Mapping fur colors onto Alouatta phylogeny • Trace states in color on each character • Are MPR unordered character state changes consistent with Metachromism? Answer: for 16 of 18 characters, they are NOT.

19. Metachromic Progression 2 3 4 1 9 0 5 7 8 6 Jacobs et al. 1995

20. Mapping fur colors onto Alouatta phylogeny • How many steps does a Metachromic step matrix add to the MPR? Answer: 1-4 steps for each of 16 characters

21. Mapping fur colors onto Alouatta phylogeny • Are the unordered states already organized by metachromism? That is, are they already statistically different from random? • What effect will using different trees have? • How does this conclusion fit in with the biogeography? Answer: ?.

22. Thanks! • Adrian Barnett & Caroline Ross • Adam, Brent, and the ib200A course • Eileen Lacey at the MVZ

23. Composite phylogeny of Alouatta Methods: • Resolve synonymies (Groves, 2001) • No semaphoront overlap - must rely on species identifications and create composite OTUs • Combine monophyletic branches on source trees to match OTUs of fur data • Generic “outgroup”

24. Metachromic Progression 2 3 4 1 9 0 5 7 8 6

25. Mapping fur colors onto Alouatta phylogeny • Should Black to Red be allowed into the Metachromism theory? Partial Answer: for 6 characters, allowing Black to Red into Metachromic theory means the unordered MPR is consistent.